1. A single effect evaporator is concentrating a feed solution of organic solids from 5 to 40 wt.%. The solution has a negligible boiling point elevation. The heat capacity of the feed is 4.6 kJ/kg K and the feed enters at 20 °C. Saturated steam at 101.325 kPa is available for heating and the pressure in the vapor space is 15.3 kPa. A total of 4,000 kg/h of water is evaporated. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m²K. Calculate the required surface area, the steam consumption, and the steam economy.

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