1. A post-tensioned bonded concrete beam has a prestress of 1560 kN in the steel immediately after prestressing which eventually reduces to 1330 kN. The beam carries two live loads of 45 kN each in addition to its own weight of 4.40 kN/m. Compute the extreme fiber stresses at mid-span: a) under the initial condition with full prestress and no live load; b) under final condition after all the losses have taken place and with full live load 45kN 45kN 4.50m 4.50m 300 3.00m I 600 175 Mid span section

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.