1. A 400 mm concrete wall supports a DL= 200 kN and LL =146 kN. The allowable bearing pressure is 216 kPa at the level bottom of the footing which is H-1.2m below the grade. Weight of concrete is 24 kN/m^3 and that of soil is 16kN/m^3. Thickness of footing is 300mm with an effective depth of 225mm. use load combination of U=1.4DL+1.7LL f'c-28 MPa, fy=248MPa. Use 28 mm diameter reinforcing bars. Normal weight concrete λ=1.0 a. Determine the effective soil pressure b. Find the width of the wall footing c. Compute the spacing of 28mm diameter steel reinforcement

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.