(1) the solar luminosity has been constant since the Sun formed, and (2) the Sun was initially of uniform composition throughout, estimate how long it would take the Sun to convert all of its original hydrogen into helium. [Hint: Calculate the mass of hydrogen in the sun and then divide it by the rate of hydrogen fusion.
Q: How much mass would need to be converted to energy in one hour to provide the sun with 1.378x10^30…
A:
Q: During the Maunder minimum a. solar brightness dropped slightly b. the average surface temperature…
A: Maunder minimum is a time of reduced sunspot activity.
Q: The solar wind carries mass away from the Sun at a rate of about 2 million ton/s (where 1 = 1000…
A: Solution:From the Astrophysical data book, the following data are obtained for the solar radiation…
Q: Find the time in years that the Sun could endure if the entire body of the sun eventually went…
A: Einstein’s Energy Formula: E=Mc2– The mass itself can be the source of energy.• If the Sun could…
Q: Why does helium fusion require a higher temperature than hydrogen fusion?
A: Fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while…
Q: How much energy (in x 1016 Joule) does the Sun burn 1 kg of hydrogen fuel in a nuclear reaction?
A: Given data: Mass of hydrogen fuel, m=1 kg Speed of light, c=3×108m/s
Q: Calculate the radius of a spherical molecular cloud whose total mass equals the mass of the Sun.…
A: A molecular cloud is defined as an interstellar cloud made of gas and dust in which molecules like…
Q: G
A:
Q: The sun produces energy from matter in its core through the process of
A: We need to name the process in which the sun produces energy from matter in its core.
Q: 5) A nova can occur when a white dwarf, which is the dense core of a once-normal star, "steals" gas…
A: Given, Energy E = 1038 J Mass m = ? From Einstein's mass energy relation, we have…
Q: Calculate the plasma beta in the photosphere. The average mass density in the corona is…
A: Given: Mass density of the plasma (ρ) = 1 × 10−4 kg / m3Magnetic field strength (B) = 10−2 TLet's…
Q: Both the CNO cycle and the proton–proton chain combine 4 H nuclei to produce 1 He nucleus. Would…
A:
Q: How much energy does 1 nuclear reaction which converts 4 protons to a Helium nucleus generate?
A: Note: As per the guidelines, we can only answer first question of multiple question. Sorry for the…
Q: Use that the pressure on the Sunspot (ideal gas) plus the magnetic pressure B?/(2µo) equals the…
A: Given Magnetic pressure B22μo equals the photosphere p = 3.5×10-4 kg/m3 μ = 1 Find the magnetic…
Q: The Sun is currently about 4.7 billion years old. How much longer does it have before it runs out of…
A: Given: The Sun is 4.7 billion years old. Introduction: The mass-energy equation says that an object…
Q: if the sun expanded to a radius 200 times its present radius what would its average density ne in…
A:
Q: Suppose the Sun’s main energy source was due to gravitational collapse and assume that the Sun has…
A:
Q: The given equation shows the pressure inside a normal star. Using parameters that are appropriate to…
A: The pressure inside a normal star is given by: P =Pg+ Prad =ρkTm¯ +13aT4 where P is the total…
Q: If the Sun was producing its energy by slow contraction as suggested by Helmholtz and Kelvin,…
A: The Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism is the process by which the surface of a star or planet cools which…
Q: Use Wein's law to determine the wavelength corresponding to the peak of the black body curve (a) in…
A: According to Wein's displacement law, λmT=constant=2.898×10-3 mK where λm= wavelength at which…
Q: If the sun expanded to a radius 5000 times its present radius, what would its average density be (in…
A: The volumetric mean radius of the sun, R⊙=6695,700 km=6.695×106 km=6.695×106 ×105 cm =6.695×1011 cm…
Q: why does nuclear fusion in the sun only occur near the center?
A: Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more…
Q: 1) a) Calculate the Jeans length for the dense core of a giant molecular cloud with T=10 K, n =…
A: To answer: a) Calculate the Jeans length for the dense core of a giant molecular cloud with T=10 K,…
(1) the solar luminosity has been constant since the Sun formed, and (2) the Sun was initially of uniform composition throughout, estimate how long it would take the Sun to convert all of its original hydrogen into helium. [Hint: Calculate the mass of hydrogen in the sun and then divide it by the rate of hydrogen fusion.
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps with 13 images
- Why does nuclear fusion in the sun occur only near the center?A main sequence star of mass 25 M⊙has a luminosity of approximately 80,000 L⊙. a. At what rate DOES MASS VANISH as H is fused to He in the star’s core? Note: When we say “mass vanish '' what we really mean is “gets converted into energy and leaves the star as light”. Note: approximate answer: 3.55 E14 kg/s b. At what rate is H converted into He? To do this you need to take into account that for every kg of hydrogen burned, only 0.7% gets converted into energy while the rest turns into helium. Approximate answer = 5E16 kg/s c. Assuming that only the 10% of the star’s mass in the central regions will get hot enough for fusion, calculate the main sequence lifetime of the star. Put your answer in years, and compare it to the lifetime of the Sun. It should be much, much shorter. Approximate answer: 30 million years.If the sun expanded to a radius 200 times it's present radius, what would the average density be (in g/cm^3?)
- A supernova’s energy is often compared to the total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime. Using the Sun’s current luminosity, calculate the total solar energy output, assuming a 1010 year main-sequence lifetime. Using Einstein’s formula E=mc2 calculate the equivalent amount of mass, expressed in Earth masses. [Hint: The total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime is given by its current luminosity times the number of seconds in a year times its ten billion-year lifetime; ; mass of earth = 6×1024kg; c = 3×108m/s. Your answer should be 200-300 Earth masses.]2 of 7 Question A2 a) Calculate the mass loss rate of the Sun M due to the solar wind flow. Assume average properties of the solar wind of number density 6 protons cm³, and a flow speed of 450 km s-1. Express your answer in units of both kg per year, and solar masses per year. b) Suppose the solar wind flow is perfectly radial. Calculate the expected rate of change of solar rotation frequency dw at the present time, based on conservation of angular momen- tum. Give your answer in units of rad s-1 y-1 (i.e., radians per second per year) and also in terms of fractional change per year, i.e., 1 du. w dt' Use a current solar rotation period of P = 25.38 days to calculate the current angular frequency of rotation w. The moment of inertia of a uniform sphere is MR². You can assume that the radius of the Sun is approximately constant, and the change in its moment of inertia due to the solar wind is only due to the mass loss. Page 3 c) By observing the rotation period of stars similar to the…Fusion only occurs in the solar core. Assuming that 10% of the Sun’s total mass is available to participate in fusion, how long can the Sun continue hydrogen fusion until all available mass is used up? (express your answer in years)
- Assume that the solar wind causes the Sun to lose mass at a rate of 2 x 10’ kg/s. If you assume the wind is emitted a constant rate, estimate the time (in units of Gyr =Gigayears = 10° years) that it will take the entire Sun to evaporate via its solar wind emission. (Of course, the rate won't be constant throughout the lifetime of the Sun---this is just a rough estimate to understand the timescale associated with this process.) [Hint: you need to look up a number and do several unit conversions; this is a *rate* problem. Enter your answer as an integer or decimal, NOT in scientific notation.]a.Calculate the mass loss rate of the Sun M˙ due to the solar wind flow. Assume averageproperties of the solar wind of number density 6 protons cm−3, and a flow speed of 450 kms−1. Express your answer in units of both kg per year, and solar masses per year. b.Suppose the solar wind flow is perfectly radial. Calculate the expected rate of change ofsolar rotation frequency dω/dt at the present time, based on conservation of angular momentum. Give your answer in units of rad s−1 y−1(i.e., radians per second per year) and alsoin terms of fractional change per year, i.e., 1/ωdω/dt .Use a current solar rotation period of P = 25.38 days to calculate the current angularfrequency of rotation ω. The moment of inertia of a uniform sphere is 2/5 MR2. You canassume that the radius of the Sun is approximately constant, and the change in its momentof inertia due to the solar wind is only due to the mass loss. c.By observing the rotation period of stars similar to the Sun, it is inferred that their…If you were located 100 km from a 1 GW nuclear power plant,what would the neutrino flux be at your location? Assume that a1 GW nuclear power plant releases 1021 neutrinos per second andyou present a 1 m2 surface to the neutrino flux.