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1) NaSH 2) Н,О

1) NaSH 2) Н,О

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Predict the product of the following reaction.

### Diagram Explanation: Alkylation of Benzene The given diagram illustrates the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, a fundamental organic chemistry reaction that introduces an alkyl group onto a benzene ring. #### Components and Process: 1. **Starting Material:** - **Benzene (C₆H₆):** The cyclic aromatic compound that undergoes alkylation. 2. **Alkyl Halide:** - **R-Cl:** Represents the alkyl halide where "R" is an alkyl group and "Cl" is the halogen. 3. **Catalyst:** - **AlCl₃ (Aluminum Chloride):** A Lewis acid catalyst essential for facilitating the reaction. It helps to generate a more reactive electrophile by accepting a lone pair of electrons from the chlorine atom. 4. **Reaction Mechanism:** - **Formation of Carbocation:** AlCl₃ interacts with R-Cl, producing a carbocation (R⁺), which is a more potent electrophile than the alkyl halide itself. - **Electrophilic Attack:** The benzene ring, with its electron-rich structure, attacks the carbocation, forming a sigma complex (also called an arenium ion). - **Deprotonation:** The formed complex undergoes deprotonation to restore aromaticity, resulting in the alkylated benzene product. 5. **Product:** - **Alkylbenzene:** The benzene ring with the new alkyl substituent (R) attached. 6. **Regeneration of Catalyst:** - The AlCl₃ catalyst is regenerated by releasing the Cl⁻ ion, which bonds with a hydrogen atom to form HCl. #### Key Notes: - **Reactivity and Orientations:** The reaction is highly regioselective, typically producing para and ortho isomers over meta products. - **Limitations:** Friedel-Crafts Alkylation can result in polyalkylation if excess alkyl halide is present, as the alkyl groups make the benzene more reactive. - **Applications:** This reaction is widely used in the synthesis of various aromatic compounds in industrial and laboratory settings. This diagram serves as a basic visual guide to understanding the Friedel-Crafts Alkylation mechanism and its significance in organic chemistry.
Transcribed Image Text:### Diagram Explanation: Alkylation of Benzene The given diagram illustrates the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, a fundamental organic chemistry reaction that introduces an alkyl group onto a benzene ring. #### Components and Process: 1. **Starting Material:** - **Benzene (C₆H₆):** The cyclic aromatic compound that undergoes alkylation. 2. **Alkyl Halide:** - **R-Cl:** Represents the alkyl halide where "R" is an alkyl group and "Cl" is the halogen. 3. **Catalyst:** - **AlCl₃ (Aluminum Chloride):** A Lewis acid catalyst essential for facilitating the reaction. It helps to generate a more reactive electrophile by accepting a lone pair of electrons from the chlorine atom. 4. **Reaction Mechanism:** - **Formation of Carbocation:** AlCl₃ interacts with R-Cl, producing a carbocation (R⁺), which is a more potent electrophile than the alkyl halide itself. - **Electrophilic Attack:** The benzene ring, with its electron-rich structure, attacks the carbocation, forming a sigma complex (also called an arenium ion). - **Deprotonation:** The formed complex undergoes deprotonation to restore aromaticity, resulting in the alkylated benzene product. 5. **Product:** - **Alkylbenzene:** The benzene ring with the new alkyl substituent (R) attached. 6. **Regeneration of Catalyst:** - The AlCl₃ catalyst is regenerated by releasing the Cl⁻ ion, which bonds with a hydrogen atom to form HCl. #### Key Notes: - **Reactivity and Orientations:** The reaction is highly regioselective, typically producing para and ortho isomers over meta products. - **Limitations:** Friedel-Crafts Alkylation can result in polyalkylation if excess alkyl halide is present, as the alkyl groups make the benzene more reactive. - **Applications:** This reaction is widely used in the synthesis of various aromatic compounds in industrial and laboratory settings. This diagram serves as a basic visual guide to understanding the Friedel-Crafts Alkylation mechanism and its significance in organic chemistry.
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