• 1 million people in Hong Kong using low-flush toilet and low-flow shower head.• 1 million leaky toilet and Faucet.Find1. How much energy we can save?2. How much coal (Kg) we can save?3. How much CO2 we can reduce?4. How many African children (1 liter/kid/day) we can support?Energy needed to treat water1. Average energy use for water treatment drawn from southern California studies is 652 kWh per acre-foot (AF), where one AF = 325,853 gallons.Thermal Energy in Coal2. The thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh.Energy output/fire power plant3. A typical 500 megawatt coal power plant produces 3.5 billion kWh per year.CO2 Emission4. Taking coal to contain 50 percent carbon, which combines with oxygen during burning to form CO2, we can arrive at 1.83 kg CO2 for every 1 kg of coal burned. Wasting water wastes electricity. Why? Because the biggest use ofelectricity in most cities is supplying water and cleaning it up afterit's been used!About 75 percent of the water we use in our homes is used in thebathroom. Unless you have a low flush toilet (6 liters), forexample, you use about 15 liters of water with every flush!• A leaky toilet can waste more than 37,000 liters of water a year.Drippy faucets are bad, too. A faucet that leaks enough water tofill a soda bottle every 30 minutes will waste 8,000 liters of watera year.• An average tub bath requires 180 liters of water. The averageshower of four minutes with an old shower head uses 75 liters ofwater. With a low-flow shower head, only 37.5 liters of water isused. TABLE 4.8 Usage Characteristics of Water-Using FixturesEnd-UseToiletsShowersFaucetsDishwashersClothes washersLeaksConventional Fixtures Water-Efficient Fixtures3.5 gal/flush5.0 gal/min4.0 gal/min14.0 gal/load55.0 gal/load10% of total use1.6 gal/flush2.5 gal/min2.0 gal/min8.5 gal/load42.0 gal/load2% of total useUsage Pattern4 flushes/pers/day5 min./shower2.5 min/pers/day0.17 loads/pers/day0.3 loads/pers/dayN/A% Hot Water0%60%50%100%25%50%

Answer In order to calcualte the savings we need to first determine reduction in waste water…

Answered: 1 million people in Hong Kong using…

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Question

• 1 million people in Hong Kong using low-flush toilet and
low-flow shower head.
• 1 million leaky toilet and Faucet.

Find
1. How much energy we can save?
2. How much coal (Kg) we can save?
3. How much CO2 we can reduce?
4. How many African children (1 liter/kid/day) we can
support?

Energy needed to treat water
1. Average energy use for water treatment drawn from southern California
studies is 652 kWh per acre-foot (AF), where one AF = 325,853 gallons.

Thermal Energy in Coal
2. The thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh.

Energy output/fire power plant
3. A typical 500 megawatt coal power plant produces 3.5 billion kWh per year.

CO2 Emission
4. Taking coal to contain 50 percent carbon, which combines with oxygen during
burning to form CO2, we can arrive at 1.83 kg CO2 for every 1 kg of coal
burned.

Wasting water wastes electricity. Why? Because the biggest use of
electricity in most cities is supplying water and cleaning it up after
it's been used!
About 75 percent of the water we use in our homes is used in the
bathroom. Unless you have a low flush toilet (6 liters), for
example, you use about 15 liters of water with every flush!
• A leaky toilet can waste more than 37,000 liters of water a year.
Drippy faucets are bad, too. A faucet that leaks enough water to
fill a soda bottle every 30 minutes will waste 8,000 liters of water
a year.
• An average tub bath requires 180 liters of water. The average
shower of four minutes with an old shower head uses 75 liters of
water. With a low-flow shower head, only 37.5 liters of water is
used.

TABLE 4.8 Usage Characteristics of Water-Using Fixtures
End-Use
Toilets
Showers
Faucets
Dishwashers
Clothes washers
Leaks
Conventional Fixtures Water-Efficient Fixtures
3.5 gal/flush
5.0 gal/min
4.0 gal/min
14.0 gal/load
55.0 gal/load
10% of total use
1.6 gal/flush
2.5 gal/min
2.0 gal/min
8.5 gal/load
42.0 gal/load
2% of total use
Usage Pattern
4 flushes/pers/day
5 min./shower
2.5 min/pers/day
0.17 loads/pers/day
0.3 loads/pers/day
N/A
% Hot Water
0%
60%
50%
100%
25%
50%

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Follow-up Question

Calculation of Energy saving

We are given that Average energy use for waste water treatment = 652 KWh for 625,853 gallons

Average energy use for 1 gallon waste water treatment = 652625,853 KWh

Per day Average energy use for 29.522 Million gallon waste water treatment = 652625,853*29.522*106

Per day Average energy use for 29.522 Million gallon waste water treatment = 30753.29 KWh

" Per day Energy saving = 30753.29 KWh "

Finding

How to come up with 30753.29KWh?

If 652 KWh for 625,853 gallons

652,853*29.522*106 = ??

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