1) Calculate the increased stress at the depth of 5 m underneath the base of the footing by using the approximate method. If the column load (P = 1000 KN) which supported by the shown square footing of width = 3.0 m. (" G.S - 3.0- Sand Deposited P.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.