. It is thought that the front cover and the nature of the first question on mail surveys influence the response rate. The article "The Impact of Cover Design and First Questions on Response Rates for a Mail Survey of Skydivers" (Leisure Sci., 1991:67–76) tested this theory by experimenting with different cover designs. One cover was plain; the other used a picture of a skydiver. The researchers speculated that the return rate would be lower for the plain cover. Number Number Cover Sent Returned Plain 207 104 Skydiver 213 109 Does this data support the researchers’ hypothesis? Test the relevant hypotheses using a = .10 by first calculating a P-value.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.