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1 Immigration Who has the right to be in the United States? Should race, religion, or even education matter on who has the right to enter the United States? There’s so many concerns that citizens have on immigration whether is security within our nation or if the economic will get impact. Immigration has been and will be a highly controversial subject within the political debate because within the years lawmakers have struggles with the security, social, economic, and human rights concerns that involves immigration reform. Bullock, Haddow, and Coppola define

2 immigration as, “the act of entering and settling permanently in another country and/or becoming a permanent resident or a legal citizen of that country.”(Bullock et al., 2020) Immigration policies should focused on having compassion for those who are already in the United States but also for those who want to migrate to the United States and not get restricted to certain nationalities or even based on their religion beliefs, education, political or their economic status. Everyone should have the opportunity to apply and get the opportunity to come to the U.S. Not only has immigration been an important role in American history but also open immigration have made the United States on of the greatest country and have provided many immigrants the opportunity for a better life. In the 1600’s less than 1 million people migrated to the founding colonies of the United States and only allowed immigration and citizenship to people who deemed to be Caucasian.(Bullock et al., 2020) Throughout the next centuries there was not a lot of people migrating to the U.S. but when the industrialization era began the migration of people grew exponentially in the U.S. and “for the next 100 years, about 30 million people migrated to the United States, increasing the nation’s population 30-fold.”( Bullock et al., 2020) The Immigration Act of 1882 was the first immigration act in the U.S. This Act imposed a tax to those who were migrating into the U.S. to help in generating revenues to support the enforcement of immigration requirements. (Bullock et al., 2020) Those who migrated into the U.S. were imposed with tax but also it was becoming harder to enter the U.S. the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the Department of Treasury was established by the Immigration Act of 1891 which gave the office the responsibility to admitted, rejected, and process immigrants and the U.S. post of entry had immigration inspectors to track passengers that had arrived in the U.S. and incoming ships. (Bullock et al., 2020) The process of

3 immigration into the U.S. was becoming more standardized and regulatory with documentation and who was allowed to enter. In 1917, the Literacy Act of 1917 was a “literacy test that required immigrants over 16 years old to demonstrate basic reading comprehension in any language. It also increased the tax paid by new immigrants upon arrival and allowed immigration officials to exercise more discretion in making decisions over whom to exclude. Finally, the Act excluded from entry anyone born in a geographically defined “Asiatic Barred Zone” except for Japanese and Filipinos.”(U.S. Department of State) The 1917 Literacy Act led to a increase support from the public for greater restriction on immigration and the policy makers created the 1921 Emergency Immigration Act, “which restricted the number of aliens allowed entry to 3% of each nationality resident in the U.S. in 1910.” (Massey, 2016) The entry to the U.S. was becoming more restricted and only certain people were able to enter the U.S. But after World War II, the War Bride Act of 1945 which, “facilitated admission of the spouses and families of returning American soldiers. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 and the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 allowed many refugees, displaced by the war and unable to enter the United States under regular immigration procedures, to be admitted.” (Bullock et al., 2020) In the next few decades many reforms and act allowed for refugees, escapees, and other displaced immigrants the opportunity to stay in the U.S. In 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) removed any quotas and immigration continue to grow until the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 granted legalization to millions of immigrants but also which, “expanded the INS responsibilities, giving it more law enforcement powers. One of the most important provisions in this regard was that it charged the agency with enforcing sanctions against American employers who hired undocumented aliens.” (Bullock et al., 2020)

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4 Immigration started increasing once again in the 1990’s. The Immigration Act of 1990 and the visa lottery program played a big factor on the increase in immigration. The visa lottery program helped many people who were from poor countries to obtained citizenship and the annual immigration rate continue to increase and eventually over one million people per year were granted citizenship. (Bullock et al., 2020) Immigration was changed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. In 2003, the INS was transferred to the Department of Homeland Security and broken into three divisions the US Citizenship and Immigration Services, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and the US Customs and Border Protection. (Bullock et al., 2020) Since the 9/11 attacks immigration has become a big issues on political debates but also within the public. The 9/11 scared the nation and concentrated more on who should enter the United States. There’s two sides either we welcome everyone or close the U.S. borders to everyone. Immigration needs to improve and secure safety to everyone who lives in the U.S. Immigrations should focused on safety but it does not mean to send back those who came from dangerous countries or destroying families by sending part of their family back to their country. Immigrants helped shaped the U.S. economy, “ Immigrants also make an important contribution to the U.S. economy. Most directly, immigration increases potential economic output by increasing the size of the labor force. Immigrants also contribute to increasing productivity.”(Rouse, 2021) Immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy in many ways, by increasing the labor supply and promoting improvements according to Madeline Zavodyn, “Immigrants boost economic growth, employment growth and economic dynamism through their contributions to the workforce, entrepreneurial activities and purchases of goods and services.”(Anderson, 2023) Not only do immigrants boost economic growth but also immigrants

5 that live in the metro areas there’s more jobs created and more establishments of businesses, “During 2010 to 2019, foreign-born workers accounted for up to one-quarter of employment growth and up to three-quarters of the growth in business establishments in the 248 metro areas examined.”(Anderson, 2023) Immigrants help our economy growth whether working in construction or in the fields but also there’s some immigrants that become professionals and help in our economy. For example, “Noubar Afeyan, cofounder and chairman of Moderna, has founded two different billion-dollar companies (Moderna and Indigo Ag). He was born to Armenian parents in Lebanon and immigrated to Canada with his family in his early teens. After college, Afeyan came to the United States and earned a Ph.D. in biochemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In the United States, he has over 100 patents. In part through Flagship Pioneering, he has cofounded or been active in approximately 70 startup companies.” (Anderson, 2023) Many immigrants come to the U.S. for a better life by having better opportunities in education and finding jobs to support their family. Immigrants contribute to our society in many ways. Also immigrants help growth state economy for example, “Florida counts on a large foreign-born population to help power its economy. An estimated 770,000 undocumented immigrants work in the state, harvesting oranges, tomatoes and other produce, building homes and golf resorts, and staffing hotels and restaurants.”(Jordan, 2023) In conclusion, if there were open immigration policy the U.S. border will be more safer and securer. Open immigration system has been successful in the past and when there were attempt to limit immigration the U.S. faced with problems that can affect our economic. One example will be Florida Gov. Ron DeSanti SB 1718, that many people disagree with SB 1718 because the state relies on many immigrant workers in agriculture, construction and hospitality.

6 (Jordan, 2023) Most U.S. citizen will not do the same work as a immigrant. Immigrants that come to the U.S. to work hard they will work under extreme weather that many Americans will not do. Is also not fair for those immigrants who are already in the U.S. illegally to be deported back to their country and leaving their family behind. We are all created equal and we should treat everyone equally in Leviticus 19:33-34 states, “When a foreigner resides among you in your land, do not mistreat them. The foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native-born. Love them as yourself, for you were foreigners in Egypt. I am the Lord your God.”(NIV) Reference Anderson, S. (2023) Highly Skilled Immigrants Drive U.S. Innovation, Report Shows . Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2023/01/12/highly-inventive-immigrants- also-make-natives-more-innovative/?sh=490a295c324b Anderson, S. (2023) Immigrants Make Economies More Dynamic, Increase Employment Growth . Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2023/02/23/immigrants- make-economies-more-dynamic-increase-employment-growth/?sh=25c141f0427c

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7 Haddow, G., Bullock, J., & Coppola, D. (2020). Introduction to Homeland Security (6th ed.). Elsevier S & T Jordan, M. (2023) New Florida Immigration Rules Start to Strain Some Businesses . The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/04/us/florida-immigration-law- businesses.html Leviticus 19:33-34. (NIV) Bible Gateway. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2019%3A33- 34&version=NIV Massey, C. G. (2016). Immigration quotas and immigrant selection. Explorations in EconomicHistory, 21-40. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2015.11.001 Rouse C.R, Barrow L., and Soltas E.(2021). The economic benefits of extending permanent legal status to unauthorized immigrants . The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/written-materials/2021/09/17/the-economic-benefits-of- extending-permanent-legal-status-to-unauthorized-immigrants/#:~:text=Immigrants %20also%20make%20an%20important,also%20contribute%20to%20increasing %20productivity. U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act). U.S. Department of State. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration- act#:~:text=The %201917%20Act%20implemented%20a,decisions%20over%20whom%20to %20exclude.