PH 490A Lab #2

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San Diego State University *

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490A

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Statistics

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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Uploaded by BrigadierBatMaster902

Lab Assignment #2 Learning Objectives for Lab Assignment #2 • Construct and analyze frequency, percentage, and cumulative distributions • Calculate proportions and percentages • Construct and interpret a pie chart, bar graph, and histogram Assignment Description In this assignment, you will practice analyzing univariate data (e.g., single variable at a time) by interpreting frequency, percentage, and cumulative distributions of nominal and ordinal variables. For this lab, we will use 2019 Monitoring the Future Survey data from 12 th graders in U.S. schools. You downloaded this dataset previously. If you have not downloaded the dataset yet, please refer to the previous information for instructions on how to access and download the dataset. Please answer each of the following questions in full. For some you will type your answers (please use full sentences with proper grammar). For others, you will copy screenshots or provide key information from your SPSS output. Please ALSO attach or submit your SPSS output with every assignment! You will lose 5 points if the SPSS output is not uploaded with the assignment submission. These assignments should be completed individually, and each person must submit an independent lab assignment. You are encouraged to discuss the labs with your peers/group, but each student should write up their answers independently . Part 1: Setting up your data Step 1: Open the core survey dataset file (“DS001”) and “Save as” a new file with the name “DS001_Lab2”. Open the codebook (PDF). Step 2: Identify the following variables in the dataset: (A) Age, (B) Number of Siblings, and (C) Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Make note of each variable name/code, survey question and response options. Use the PDF of the codebook to help you; starting on page 40 of the codebook and using the Find feature on your laptop will help find the appropriate variables. • Age: derived variable above or below 18 • # of Siblings: How many brothers and sisters do you have? • Smoking, ever: Have you ever smoked cigarettes?

Step 3: Check your variables. Run the codebook with the names for the 3 variables. Analyze < Reports < Codebook < Select variables. Step 4: Rename each of the variables to “Age”, “Siblings”, “EverSmoked” and change the measure (ordinal, nominal, interval/ratio) if necessary. Step 5: Check your variables. Re-Run the codebook with the new names for the 3 variables. Analyze < Reports < Codebook < Select variables. Part 2: Frequency & Percentage Distributions Step 6: Create a frequency distribution for Age. Analyze < Descriptive Statistics < Frequencies < Select variables < Select “display frequency tables” & “Create APA style tables” < OK. Step 7 (1 pt) : Copy and paste the table(s) or screen shot of the frequency distribution for Age that includes: the total sample N, frequencies, percentages.

QUESTION 1 (1 pt) : How many respondents are under 18? 5513 QUESTION 2 (1 pt) : What percent of respondents are 18 or older? 7446 Step 8: Create a frequency distribution for Number of Siblings. Analyze < Descriptive Statistics < Frequencies < Select variables < Select “display frequency tables” & UNCHECK the “Create APA style tables ” < OK. Step 9 (1 pt) : Copy and paste a screenshot of the frequency distribution for number of Siblings that includes: the total sample N, frequencies, percent, valid percent, and cumulative percent for each category. QUESTION 3 (1 pt) : How many respondents are only children? 795 QUESTION 4 (1 pt) : What percentage ( normal percent that includes missing ) of respondents have two siblings? 25.3% QUESTION 5 (3 pts) : What is the difference between percent, valid percent and cumulative percent? Percent is the percentage of cases falling into a specific category of a variable. Valid percent is the percentage of cases falling into a specific category of a variable, excluding missing or invalid data. Cumulative percentage refers to the cumulative percentage of cases up to a certain category or value of a variable. QUESTION 6 (3 pts) : What is the difference between APA style tables and regular frequency tables? Which table would you use in a paper, report, or to share with others? Why? The difference between APA style tables and regular frequency tables is in their formatting. APA style tables adhere to specific guidelines for academic writing, ensuring consistency. They are preferred for papers and reports because of their standardized layout, which helps with readability and adherence to academic standards. Regular frequency tables might not follow these guidelines and may differ in format, making them less acceptable for academic or professional presentations.

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Part 3: Pie Charts, Bar Graphs and Histograms Step 10: Create a frequency distribution for Ever Smoked Cigarettes with a bar chart that displays the percentage of people who have ever smoked by category Analyze < Descriptive Statistics < Frequencies < Select variables < Select “display frequency tables” & UNCHECK the “Create APA style tables ””< Charts < Bar Charts < Percentages < OK. Step 11 (1 pt) : Copy and paste a screenshot of the frequency distribution for EVERSMOKED that includes: the total sample N, frequencies, percentages and copy AND copy and paste the Bar chart. QUESTION 7 (1 pt) : What percentage of respondents have never smoked? 74.9% QUESTION 8 (3 pts) : How do we hand calculate the percentage of respondents who have never smoked [%= f/n(100)]? (10,277/13,713) x 100 =74.9%

Step 12: Create a pie chart for Ever Smoked that displays the percentage of people who have ever smoked by category Analyze < Descriptive Statistics < Frequencies < Select variables < Charts < Pie Charts < Percentages < OK. Step 13 (1 pt) : Copy and paste the Pie chart Below. QUESTION 9 (3 pts) : If you were asked to report the percentage of high school seniors that were smokers would you share the pie or bar chart? Why ? Step 14: Create a histogram for Ever Smoked that displays the frequency of respondents who have ever smoked by category. Analyze < Descriptive Statistics < Frequencies < Select variables < Charts < Histogram < OK. Step 15 (1 pt) : Copy and paste the Histogram Below.

QUESTION 10 (3 pts) : What are the major differences between the bar chart for EverSmoked and the histogram? What type of variables (i.e., measurement type) are best for histograms? Why? The Bar chart has gaps between bars, representing the separate categories, while the histogram has much smaller gaps, because this type of graph is meant to represent continuous ranges. The bar chart also includes the variable names at the bottom, making it much clearer to read. The Y-axis on the bar chart shows a percentage of the data set and the y-axis on the histogram shows the actual number of respondents. Interval/ratio variables) are the best type for histograms as there is no key included with this type of graph and if the numbers included on the x-axis represented the actual value, it would be much easier to understand.

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PH 490A Lab #2

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