SHABAZ -linear (1)

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 NC BIRTH By ALI MOHAMMED SHABAZ STAT 535 INDIANA WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY Month Year 1/20/2024
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4 Contents PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 2 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................................... 2 Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity or Issue ........................................... 2 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................... 2 Limitations of the Study .............................................................................................. 2 Assumptions of the Study ........................................................................................... 2 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................ 2 What are the goals of the Study ................................................................................. 2 Significance of the Topic to the Writer ....................................................................... 2 Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders .................................................................. 2 Broader Implications of the Topic ............................................................................... 2 INFORMATION and LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 3 Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject ............................................................. 3 Systematic Review of the Literature .............................................................................. 3 Descriptive Statistics ...................................................................................................... 3 Descriptive Graphs ......................................................................................................... 4 PROJECT ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 5 Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings ................................................... 5 Simple Linear Regression Analysis ............................................................................ 5 Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean ............................................................. 5 Chi-Square Analysis ................................................................................................... 5 PROJECT SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 6 Specific Recommendations ............................................................................................ 6 Suggestions for Future Research .................................................................................. 6 References ......................................................................................................................... 6 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 8 Appendix A: Data Set ..................................................................................................... 8 Appendix B: Pictures of Analysis ................................................................................... 9
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17 Project Background Pregnancy outcomes are influenced by various factors, and understanding these factors is crucial for promoting maternal and fetal health. This research aims to investigate the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth outcomes, with a particular focus on the role of rurality. Two key studies provide valuable insights into this topic: Bailey and Cole's (2009) exploration of rurality and birth outcomes in southern Appalachia, and Brand et al.'s (2019) investigation into the longitudinal fetal growth based on maternal smoking habits. Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between maternal smoking during pregnancy, rurality, and birth outcomes. By leveraging findings from Bailey and Cole (2009) and Brand et al. (2019), the aim is to discern patterns, associations, and potential causal relationships. This study seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on factors
18 influencing birth outcomes, with a specific focus on the role of smoking and the context of rurality. Context of the Problem, Challenge, Opportunity, or Issue The problem addressed in this research stems from the need to comprehensively understand the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth outcomes, especially in rural areas. The challenge lies in untangling the complex interplay between rurality, smoking habits, and fetal development. The opportunity is to identify potential interventions or strategies to improve birth outcomes in these contexts. Objectives of the Study 1. To assess the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth outcomes. 2. To investigate the potential role of rurality in shaping these associations. 3. To analyze the broader implications of the findings for maternal and child health interventions. Limitations of the Study This study acknowledges several limitations, including the reliance on existing research, potential biases in the selected studies, and the generalizability of findings to other geographical areas. The absence of real-time data collection and potential confounding variables may also impact the study's outcomes. Assumptions of the Study
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19 The study assumes that the selected studies accurately represent the relationships between maternal smoking, rurality, and birth outcomes. It also assumes that any limitations in the original studies do not significantly compromise the validity of the synthesized findings. Significance of the Study The goals of this study encompass challenging existing interpretations and judgments surrounding mothers who smoke during pregnancy, particularly in relation to birth weight outcomes. The primary objectives include: 1. To investigate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly affects the birth weight of infants, challenging the common assumption of low birth weight or prematurity associated with smoking. 2. To explore the factors influencing the perception and beliefs surrounding mothers who choose to smoke during pregnancy. 3. To measure the significance of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth outcomes, particularly in terms of prematurity and low birth weight. Significance of the Topic to the Writer The writer acknowledges a personal connection to the topic, either through personal experiences or having family and friends who chose to smoke during pregnancy. The study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the impact of smoking on birth outcomes, challenging stereotypes and assumptions. Specifically: 1. To address the writer's interest in dispelling common misconceptions and stereotypes associated with smoking during pregnancy.
20 2. To investigate whether the typical expectations regarding birth outcomes for infants born to smoking mothers hold true. Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders Stakeholders, including parents, medical providers, Child Protective Services, and the government, are invested in the health of mothers during pregnancy and the well-being of newborns. The study's significance to stakeholders involves: 1. Providing insights into the health implications of maternal smoking during pregnancy, aiding medical professionals in offering appropriate care. 2. Assisting Child Protective Services in understanding the potential environmental impacts on the unborn child and planning interventions accordingly. 3. Guiding government policies by highlighting the importance of maternal health during pregnancy and its impact on overall child health. Broader Implications of the Topic Industry Implications Research on smoking during pregnancy holds implications for various industries: 1. Healthcare industry: Emphasizes the need for careful and supportive treatment for expectant mothers, considering the potential impact of smoking on birth outcomes. 2. Political consequences: A lack of efficiency and effectiveness in addressing maternal smoking may result in increased low birth weight and preterm births.
21 INFORMATION and LITERATURE REVIEW Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject The literature review incorporates sources such as March of Dimes, emphasizing the importance of maternal and infant health. Additionally, a study conducted in 2004 on 1,000 random births in North Carolina is referenced to analyze the habits and practices of expecting mothers and their children, specifically focusing on low birth weight. Systematic Review of the Literature The systematic review involves an examination of 1,000 random births in North Carolina, emphasizing the analysis of factors contributing to low birth weight. The study considers various variables, including parental ages, gestation weeks, marital status, maternal weight gain, baby's gender, maternal habits, and maternal race. Thematic Findings in Literature as Applied to the Topic Themes in the literature highlight the alarming rate of low birth weight babies entering the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and the potential loss of bonding time for parents and infants. The study aims to contribute to preventing such instances by researching the causes of low birth weight. Key Definitions Key definitions include "Low Birth Weight (LBW)" for infants born under 5 pounds and 8 ounces and the keywords "Maturity" and "Habit" representing the mother's age at birth and the mother's smoking status, respectively. Ethical Consideration from the Literature Review
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22 Ethical Considerations from the Literature Review The three key sources drawn upon in this research, namely March of Dimes, the 2004 study on 1,000 random births in North Carolina, and the Virtuous Business Model, contribute significantly to shaping the ethical considerations guiding this study. March of Dimes provides foundational insights into maternal and infant health, emphasizing the ethical imperative of safeguarding the well-being of both mothers and newborns. The 2004 study in North Carolina serves as a valuable ethical reference, underscoring the importance of respecting and interpreting the habits and practices of expecting mothers in a way that acknowledges their vulnerability and fosters understanding. By grounding our research in these ethical foundations, we strive to ensure the integrity and sensitivity of our study, upholding principles of beneficence and justice. Furthermore, the Virtuous Business Model, which emphasizes ethical and responsible business practices, finds relevance in our research context. The model aligns with the ethical considerations of our study by advocating for a holistic approach that takes into account the well- being of all stakeholders involved. Applying this model to our research, we aspire to conduct our investigation with integrity, transparency, and a commitment to the welfare of the individuals involved. The Virtuous Business Model aligns with biblical principles of ethical conduct, providing a framework that resonates with our endeavor to explore the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth outcomes, considering both the individual and societal dimensions. Applying a biblical framework to our research, we find guidance in Proverbs 31:8-9, which encourages advocating for the rights of the vulnerable: "Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all who are destitute. Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy." This scriptural reference underscores the ethical responsibility inherent in our study to shed light on the potential challenges faced by infants born under certain conditions,
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23 advocating for their well-being. Additionally, Matthew 22:39 reminds us of the fundamental principle of treating others with love and compassion: "Love your neighbor as yourself." This scriptural guideline reinforces the ethical considerations of our research, urging us to approach the study with empathy and a commitment to understanding the experiences of mothers and their newborns. Descriptive Statistics Type of Variables in the Data Set [Insert any research variables involved in this study] [Insert any research questions involved in this study] Descriptive Graphs [Insert any research graphs involved in this study] PROJECT ANALYSIS Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings: The literature review provides a comprehensive foundation for the research, focusing on the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy, rurality, and birth outcomes. Bailey and Cole's (2009) exploration of rurality in southern Appalachia and Brand et al.'s (2019) investigation into longitudinal fetal growth based on maternal smoking habits offer valuable insights. The research aims to discern patterns, associations, and potential causal relationships. Simple Linear Regression Analysis:
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24 Research Question: How does the frequency of prenatal visits influence the birth weight of infants, and what is the nature of the relationship between the number of visits and birth weight based on the provided data? The R-squared value of 0.0182 indicates that the linear regression model explains only a very small proportion (1.82%) of the variance in the birth weight of infants based on the number of prenatal visits. In other words, the model does not provide a strong fit to the data, suggesting that the relationship between the number of visits and birth weight is weak. When interpreting an R-squared value, keep in mind that a higher R-squared value (closer to 1) indicates a better fit, while a lower value suggests that the model does not explain much of the variability in the dependent variable. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 f(x) = 0.36 x + 9.55 R² = 0.02 visits visits Linear (visits) Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean
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25 Research Question: How does the frequency of prenatal visits influence the birth weight of infants, and what is the nature of the relationship between the number of visits and birth weight based on the provided data? SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.134966 R Square 0.018216 Adjusted R Square 0.017222 Standard Error 1.476086 Observations 990 ANOVA df SS MS F Significanc e F Regression 1 39.94022 39.9402 2 18.3310 3 2.04E-05 Residual 988 2152.685 2.17883 1 Total 989 2192.625 Coefficie nts Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
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26 Intercept 6.499194 0.151135 43.0025 1.5E- 228 6.202611 6.79577 7 6.202611 6.795777 X Variable 1 0.050802 0.011866 4.28147 6 2.04E- 05 0.027518 0.07408 7 0.027518 0.074087 Interpretation of Regression Output: 1. Regression Coefficients: o Intercept: The intercept (6.4992) represents the estimated birth weight when the number of prenatal visits is 0 (which might not have a practical interpretation in this context). o X Variable 1 (Number of Prenatal Visits): The coefficient (0.0508) indicates the average change in birth weight associated with a one-unit change in the number of prenatal visits. 2. Regression Statistics: o R Square: The R Square value (0.0182) represents the proportion of variability in birth weight explained by the number of prenatal visits. In this case, it's a very low percentage, suggesting that the number of prenatal visits alone explains a small part of the variation in birth weight. 3. ANOVA: o The ANOVA table tests the overall significance of the regression model. o The F-statistic (18.3310) tests whether there is a significant linear relationship between the number of prenatal visits and birth weight.
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27 o The associated p-value (2.03754E-05) is less than 0.05, suggesting that the overall model is statistically significant. 4. Coefficients Table: o The coefficient for the number of prenatal visits is 0.0508. o The associated t-statistic (4.2815) tests whether the coefficient is significantly different from zero. o The p-value (2.03754E-05) is less than 0.05, indicating that the number of prenatal visits is a statistically significant predictor of birth weight. Hypothesis Testing: Null Hypothesis (H0): The mean number of prenatal visits has no significant effect on birth weight. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The mean number of prenatal visits has a significant effect on birth weight. Conclusion: The p-value for the coefficient of the number of prenatal visits is 2.03754E-05, which is less than 0.05. Therefore, you reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that the number of prenatal visits has a statistically significant impact on birth weight. This implies that, on average, there is a significant relationship between the number of prenatal visits and birth weight, and the direction of the relationship is positive (as indicated by the positive coefficient
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28 Chi-Square Analysis [Insert which research question(s) you are answering] [Insert a table or paragraph of any chi-square statistics like the chi-square value, p-value, sample size, and level of significance] [Insert a picture of the contingency table in the spreadsheet] [Insert your judgment based on the analysis performed
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29 PROJECT SUMMARY Conclusions [Insert any conclusions you have drawn from the research] Specific Recommendations [Insert any recommendations you have drawn from the research] Suggestions for Future Research [Insert any suggestions for future research]
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30 References: Bailey, B. A., & Cole, L. K. J. (2009). Rurality and birth outcomes: Findings from southern Appalachia and the potential role of pregnancy smoking. The Journal of Rural Health, 25 (2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00210.x Brand, J. S., Gaillard, R., West, J., McEachan, R. R. C., Wright, J., Voerman, E., Felix, J. F., Tilling, K., & Lawlor, D. A. (2019). Associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with longitudinal fetal growth: Findings from Mendelian randomization and parental negative control studies. Plos Medicine, 16 (11), e1002972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002972 March of Dimes. (2020). March of Dimes leads the fight for the health of all moms and babies. https://www.marchofdimes.org/
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