MATH 1280 Assignment Week 2

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University of the People *

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1280

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Statistics

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Introduction to Statistics Sampling and Data Structures University of the People MATH 1280: Introduction to Statistics Instructor: Clifford Kettemborough September 14, 2022

2 Introduction to Statistics Sampling and Data Structures 1. a). A sepal refers to the outermost part of a flower that protects the growing blossom and is generally "white or green in appearance" (Britannica, n.d.). b). A petal refers to the most frequent portion of a flower that comes in a variety of hues and surrounds the flower's reproductive organs (Britannica,n.d.). 2. a. The petal length of the three flowers is 0.35. b. 0.35 was the observations that had petal length of 3 (after rounding the petal lengths). c. Out of the flowers measured in this sample, 35% had a petal length of 3 (after rounding the petal lengths). d. Out of the flowers measured in this sample, 35% had a petal length of 3 or less (after rounding the petal lengths). e. A study of all flowers on the planet would show that about 35% had petal lengths of 3 or less (after rounding the petal lengths). 3. Answer: 4(0.23) & 5(0.23) 4. Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cumulative Relative Frequency .16 .33 .35 .58 .81 .97 1.00 Relative Frequency .16 .33-.16 .35-.33 .58-.35 .81-.58 .97-.81 1.00-.97 A description of the method used above: Started at 7 value with the Cumulative Relative Frequency (CRF) of 1.00 and deducted the CRF for the 6 value (i.e., 1.00-0.97=0.03) meaning that the Relative Frequency for the 7 value is 0.03 or (0.03 x 100 = 30) 3% of the total observations of that variable (Yakir, 2011).

3 Introduction to Statistics 5. > names(flower.data) Ansswer: “Sepal.Length” “Sepal.Width” “Petal.Length” “Petal.Width” “Species” 6. The number of observations in the "flower.data" data frame is: Ansswer: 150 observations 7. The name and type of the 1st variable: Sepal Length= Numeric The name and type of the 2nd variable: Sepal Width= Numeric The name and type of the 3nd variable: Petal Lenagth= Numeric The name and type of the 4nd variable: Petal Width=Numeric The name and type of the 5nd variable: Variables Species Factor 8. It took me a while and but I utilized the help menu in R to figure it out but I found the answer by the following process: hope I wrote is correct. >datsepal=round(dat$Sepal.Length,0) >table(sepal) Sepal 4 5 6 7 8 5 47 68 24 6 Resulting in the answer “and the frequency of the value 7 which is 24 9. The sum was found by adding 1 + 3 + 4 = 8. 8 is the sum of the first three frequencies in the table 10. It represents the number of observations of the variable's frequency (sepal width) within a population sample.

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4 Introduction to Statistics 11. The total is calculated as 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. 3 is the sum of the table's last three frequencies. 12. Since they reflect all of the numeric data for sepal widths smaller than 4, this is obtained by adding all of the first 19 relative frequencies. (For example, 1+3+4+3+8+5+9+14+10+26+11+13+6+12+6+12+6+4+3+6+2=146). Sepal widths of less than 4 were found in 146 flowers. 13. a. mean b. mode c. median 14. setosa = 50 versicolor = 50 virginica = 50 15. The variable was a factor or qualitative data that characterized that factor or data describing the observations made of the sample within the population, words appear in the first row. The numeric data in the second row reveals how many of the observations made of the sample within the population were of that species. Surprisingly, each species accounted for a third of the total population (50 + 50 + 50 = 150). The total number of observations made was 150. References Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.) flower. https://www.britannica.com/science/flower Yakir, B. (2011). Introduction to Statistical Thinking (With R, Without Calculus). https://my.uopeople.edu/pluginfile.php/1573991/mod_resource/content/5/IntroStat.pdf