HUSS235-Theories of Suicide-Devin Sloan

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1 Theories of Suicide Devin Sloan Bryant & Stratton College HUSS 235 Instructor J. Cheever December 4, 2023

2 Suicide is a complicated and diverse phenomenon that has been studied using a variety of academic frameworks. The Interpersonal and sociological views, two common theories, present unique frameworks for understanding the underlying variables leading to suicidal thinking and conduct. This analysis will compare and contrast these ideas, taking insights from scholarly resources, and will investigate potential questions that a crisis worker may use to analyze an individual's intentions. Joiner (2009) established the interpersonal theory, which emphasizes on psychological distress and perceived burdensomeness as significant factors contributing to suicide. According to Joiner, for suicide ideation to escalate, individuals must experience both components at the same time. Burdensomeness Perceived: Individuals may consider suicide if they see themselves as a burden to others and believe that their presence causes damage. Unfulfilled Belonging: Feelings of social isolation and a lack of connectivity lead to a sense of unfulfilled belonging, aggravating the impulse to commit suicide (Joiner et al., 2009). Sociological Theory, which was introduced in 1897 when Emile Durkheim wrote one of the first complete sociological theories of suicide. The sociological theory of suicide emphasizes the influence of social structures and external factors on suicidal behavior. Durkheim classified suicides into four types: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic (Emile Durkheim : Theory of Suicide, n.d.). Egoistic suicide: This type of suicide is done by the people who are really into them and who take their life when they feel like they cannot live up to their mark of the society Altruistic suicide: This type of suicide is done from the benefit or betterment of the society. Anomic suicide: Anomic suicide happens in situations where an individual is in a highly stressful condition when society is going through major changes. The feeling of disappointment turns the

3 person committing suicide. Fatalistric suicide: It is done when a person wants to escape from the dominance or force of a person in their life because they feel their life is being controlled. As you can see, the notions in the Interpersonal and Sociological Theories are comparable. Durkheim's definition of low integration, like Joiner's concept of belongingness, is when people feel as though they do not belong. Durkheim's concept of high integration, like Joiner's concept of burdensomeness, is excessive integration that causes people to lose themselves and commit to a broader objective, making them feel like a burden on others. Although Joiner's Interpersonal Theory and Durkheim's are comparable, they are also distinct. The basis of Joiner's Interpersonal Theory is that people commit suicide because they can and want to kill themselves, whereas the premise of Durkheim's Sociological Theory is that the more stressors that accumulate, the greater the likelihood of suicide. Both social and interpersonal theories can help us understand the complicated phenomena of suicide. Crisis professionals can acquire a full knowledge of an individual's motives by taking into account both external societal factors and interior psychological processes. The evaluation questions should be sensitive to both societal dynamics and personal experiences, allowing for a more comprehensive study of the variables influencing suicide thoughts. Integrating these ideas can help to generate holistic intervention techniques that are customized to the diverse character of suicide.

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4 The questions that I would ask are: Can you describe the level of social connection and support you currently experience in your life? This inquiry is consistent with both theories, and it allows the crisis worker to delve into the individual's feeling of belonging and integration. How do you see your place in the lives of those around you? Do you ever feel as if your presence is a burden or a source of harm?" This question is more in line with interpersonal theory, exploring the individual's assessment of their influence on others.

5 Emile Durkheim : Theory of Suicide. (n.d.). Unacademy. https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/sociology/emile-durkheim-theory-of- suicide/ Joiner, T. E., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Selby, E. A., Ribeiro, J. D., Lewis, R., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016500

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