Social Science Approach vs Pseudoscience Approach

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Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion *

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-467

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Sociology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Social Science Approach vs. Pseudoscience Approach DaWonda L Mack Indiana Wesleyan University CRJ-467-01B: Research Meth & Analysis CRJ Dr. Raymond K. Edwards February 5, 2024

2 Social Science Approach vs. Pseudoscience Approach Social science is the study of people as they are individuals in communities/societies and their interactions and behaviors with each other. It also looks into the building of our technological and natural environments. Social science has a driven goal to comprehend human systems' evolvement across the complex world we live in and how the planet we live on can become more sustainably managed. Social science includes a large variety of different areas of study, for example, how people organize and govern themselves, how economies develop, deprivation and inequality, broker power and international relations, wealth generation, economic futures being modeled, the workings of business and the meaning of a sustainable future, the ways populations change, unemployment issues, and how cultural, social and economic dynamics change in a variety of places, providing different outcomes. With the social science approach, some assumptions exist that human behaviors can be predictable and that a describable external reality exists. With this approach, there’s another name known as the functionalist approach that is based on research in sociology and psychology. Many scholars seek to predict or describe behaviors using the social science approach and frequently depend on quantitative methods. The thought process for these types of scholars is based on the beliefs by which culture is a measurable variable, which can influence communication like personality traits do. The ultimate goal of social science's approach is to predict cultural influences. Examples of the workings of social science would be things such as a social science researcher wanting to examine the different cultures group members use emails, the internet, and all other electronics, media, or social sites to communicate with other members of the same group to establish communications virtually. In a study like this, they probably want to isolate

3 specific variables, such as the different topics covered on the websites or the formality levels used in the emails. Based on my internet search, social science can consist of 16 significant disciplines with many sub-disciplines and specialisms that are contributors. Pseudoscience Known to be a proposition, and a finding or explanation system of presented as science but lacking the rigor essential to the scientific method. Pseudoscience can also result from research based on faulty premises, a flawed experimental design, or insufficient data. This term makes reference to a statement or single claim to be backed by science or data but doesn't stand up to careful examination of scientific facts. A pseudoscience may also be a complex system, such as astrology, which purports to explain events in the world as brought about and affected by astronomic phenomena. Like astrology, many pseudosciences are relatively harmless. Others, however, may be used to provide "scientific" support for unethical behavior. Physiognomy, for example, is a false science dating back to at least 500 BC that mistakenly correlates physical characteristics with personal traits. Even in modern times, adherents of physiognomy apply their theories to justify and promote inequality and racial profiling, (What is pseudoscience? | Definition from TechTarget). Pseudoscience may be offered in good faith simply as a result of misinformation or poor analysis of data. However, scientific methods can also be intentionally applied in a flawed manner to create unwarranted confidence in conclusions that a more rigorous approach would not support, (What is pseudoscience? | Definition from TechTarget). In this case, Pseudoscience is sometimes used to promulgate disinformation. Contradictory, exaggerated, or unfalsifiable claims often characterize Pseudoscience; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific

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4 hypotheses have been experimentally discredited, (Pseudoscience | Vacilando.org) . It is not the same as junk science. The distinction between science and Pseudoscience has scientific, philosophical, and political implications. Philosophers debate the nature of science and the general criteria for drawing the line between scientific theories and pseudoscientific beliefs, ( Parascience | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World Problems ). Still, there is widespread agreement "that creationism, astrology, homeopathy, Kirlian photography, dowsing, ufology, ancient astronaut theory, Holocaust denialism, Velikovskian catastrophism, and climate change denialism are pseudoscience's, ( Parascience | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World Problems ). There are implications for health care, expert testimony, and weighing environmental policies. Addressing Pseudoscience is part of science education and developing scientific literacy. Pseudoscience can have dangerous effects. For example, pseudoscientific anti-vaccine activism and promotion of homeopathic remedies as alternative disease treatments can result in people forgoing essential medical treatments with demonstrable health benefits, leading to deaths and ill health, ( Parascience | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World Problems ).

5 References Parascience | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World Problems. http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/155157 Pseudoscience | Vacilando.org. https://www.vacilando.org/article/pseudoscience What is pseudoscience? | Definition from TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/pseudoscience

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