FAM 519 Group Project Script:Outline

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University of Kentucky *

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519

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Script Member Introduction Natalie Hollon: I’m an undergraduate student majoring in Psychology and minoring in Family Sciences. I aspire to go into school psychology and work with the high school student population, allowing me to make a difference in a diverse group of adolescents’ lives. I chose the topic of child abuse and how it intersects with IPV because as a childcare worker, I have seen first hand how intimate partner violence can affect the behavior and lives of children. For this project I was responsible for the addressing the issue section, the policies section, and the strategies section. Nicole Hughes: I’m an undergraduate student majoring in Social Work. I aspire to go into either school or medical social work, either way I know I want to work with kids in some capacity. I chose the topic of child abuse and how it intersects with IPV because I have always wanted to advocate effectively for children and protect their well-being. For this project I was responsible for prevalence of child abuse and IPV perpetration Makayla Little: I’m an advanced-standing undergraduate student majoring in Social Work and minoring in Family Sciences. I aspire to become an LCSW to become a therapist and work with the military population. I have worked with children in the past and will most likely be working with children as I work with military families in the future and learning how child abuse and IPV intersect will be important to my future career. For this project, I was responsible for the intersection of child abuse and IPV as well strategies to decrease the intersection of child abuse and IPV.

Definitions  ACE- Adverse Childhood Experience  Child Abuse- an act, or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious hard to a minor  Intimate Partner Violence- abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship  Multitype Violence- combination of psychological, sexual, and physical violence  Polyvictimization- being a victim of multiple recurrent forms of victimization over a lifetime

Intersection of Child Abuse and IPV -Makayla  Intersect in many ways: (Herrenkohl et al, 2015) o Co-occur in many households o Can make children susceptible to polyvictimization  One does not particularly precede the other, but it can be embedded within families through multiple generations (Herrenkohl et al, 2015)  Consequences: o Children who experience more ACEs tend to be more vulnerable to early-onset of disease and illness (Herrenkohl et al, 2015) o Experiencing IPV puts victims at a higher risk of health problems (Lutgendorf, 2019) o Pregnancy is risky during times of abuse (Lutgendorf, 2019)  Risk factors: o Families tend to experience multi-generational cycles of violence (Herrenkohl et al, 2015) o Other forms of trauma and violence tend to co-occur along with child abuse and IPV (Herrenkohl et al, 2015)  Protective factors for both (Zamir, 2021): o Good coping strategies o Emotion regulation o Parental support o Early secure attachment  Males are more likely to experience multitype violence (Jung et al, 2018)

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 Females are more likely to experience sexual violence (Jung et al, 2018)  Women tend to experience more consequences of IPV compared to their male counterparts (Caldwell et al, 2012) o Including injuries, fear, and PTSD o Could be due to the correlation of gender to power  ACEs more common among poor females who are a part of racial/ethnic minorities (Mersky et al, 2021)

Prevalence of Child Abuse and IPV Perpetration - Nicole  Domestic violence threatens the health and emotional well-being of not only the victims but children as well  This shift in focus did not occur in research until the 1980s  The rate of overlap and strength of association varies though the relationship between DV and child abuse remains consistent (HERRENKOHL, 2008).  Research often refers to children as being either “witnesses” or “observers” but in recent years these terms have been replaced by “exposure” to the violence  Extensive data is not available through crime reports as often it is not protocol to include specific household information in reports but, in a new system, the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), was designed to provide more detailed national crime data (Fantuzzo, 1999).  Only children physically victimized by a domestic violence incident are considered victims under this system  In 1987, the National Family Violence Survey sampled 6,000 households by telephone and this survey indicated the prevalence of child exposure to be at least 3.3 million annually  Bottom line is that a significant number of family violence cases involve “co-occurring” cases of violence. Meaning, if a child is being maltreated, there is a high likelihood that domestic violence is also occurring between parents (APPEL, 2006)

Fantuzzo, J. W., & Mohr, W. K. (1999). Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence. The Future of Children , 9 (3), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602779 APPEL, J. K., & KIM-APPEL, D. (2006). CHILD MALTREATMENT AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: HUMAN SERVICES ISSUES. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration , 29 (2), 228–244. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25790689 HERRENKOHL, T. I., SOUSA, C., TAJIMA, E. A., HERRENKOHL, R. C., & MOYLAN, C. A. (2008). INTERSECTION OF CHILD ABUSE AND CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. Trauma, Violence & Abuse , 9 (2), 84–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26636161

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Addressing the Intersection of Child Abuse and IPV - Natalie  Who? o Social agencies such as the Cabinet for Health and Family Services as well as organizations like Child Protective Services deal with cases on child abuse exacerbated by domestic violence.  These agencies will investigate abuse allegations and are often required to notify law enforcement agencies of the abuse, depending on the state.  Disclosure of abuse or neglect may result in a criminal investigation, arrest, and prosecution of the perpetrator, although the primary purpose of Kentucky’s mandatory reporting laws is to get protective services like protective orders for the victim. o Legal entities such as the police force and the judicial system help enforce the laws in place state by state.  For example, a judge can provide a protective order to a victim of IPV.  I will discuss protective orders more in depth later in this presentation, but to give you a general idea of what they are: a protective order is a court order signed by a judge designed to prevent further acts of intimate partner violence, dating violence, sexual violence or assault, and stalking.  Effectiveness of police interventions o In some cases, mandatory arrest laws can present more harm to IPV victims because they anger the perpetrator and when they’re released from the system they may have more ammunition to harm or even kill their victim.

o A critical role police can play in preventing children from being family violence victims is accurately assessing the risk of future violence in the home.  If a police officer fails to accurately assess the risk of violence, a child is at higher risk of experiencing abuse, neglect, or maltreatment because they will remain in the unfit household.  However, if a police officer accurately assesses the risk of violence in a home and it is high risk, it can lead to the child being removed from the home for their own safety.  Effectiveness of social agencies o Many domestic violence agencies have begun a coordinated community response (CCR) approach to help victims of IPV.  A coordinated community response approach is when members of a community join together multidisciplinary teams to provide coordinated responses to domestic violence, such as services to keep survivors safe and hold perpetrators accountable. o However, there is a lack of research on the impact of social agencies pertaining to the intersection of child abuse and IPV.  There is some research on the impact of domestic violence agencies and how they help IPV victims and there is also research on child abuse agencies helping abuse victims, but there is little to no research on the intersectionality of the two topics.  Policies/laws related to the intersection of IPV and child abuse in Kentucky

o Mandatory reporting  Legal obligation to report observed or suspected abuse or neglect.  As of June 2017, Kentucky is a mandatory report state for child abuse and neglect. o Protective orders o protective order is a court order signed by a judge designed to prevent further acts of violence  Goal is to prevent further acts of IPV and to keep the victim safe.  A judge can order the perpetrator to:  Have no contact with the victim, the victim’s children, or others who might need protection, either in person, by phone, text, email, social media, or through friends or family.  Stay away from the victim’s home, school, workplace, or other places they are likely to be.  Leave a shared home.  And… If the victim and perpetrator have children in common, the court may give the victim temporary custody and set up a visitation schedule, or order child support.  In Kentucky, there are 2 types of protective orders:  Domestic Violence Orders  Family members (spouses, ex-spouses, parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren) and members of an unmarried couple (people who have lived together as a couple or

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people who have a child together) can file for a domestic violence order.  Interpersonal Protective Orders  People who are in, or have been in, a dating relationship, people who have been sexually assaulted, and people who have been stalked can file for an interpersonal protective order.  To get a protective order, the victim must show the court that they were physically injured, assaulted, sexually assaulted, or stalked by the perpetrator OR that the perpetror did something to place the victim in a reasonable fear that they were about to be physically injured, assaulted, sexually assaulted, or stalked.  There is a need for policies specific to the intersection of child abuse and IPV o Children are including in the mandatory reporting act enforced in the state of Kentucky, but there is no policy outlined to specifically deal with child maltreatment due to IPV being present in a child’s life or home environment.

Strategies to Decrease the Intersectionality of Child Abuse and IPV - Natalie  Public Health Surveillance Surveys o Adverse Childhood Experiences, or ACE’s, are well researched and include child abuse and IPV as two of their categories. o ACE studies have shown individuals with high ACE scores to be at an increased risk for poor health outcomes. o 28 US states, and the District of Columbia, are now collecting data on ACE’s using public health surveys. o By using this data, states are better able to see community member’s risk for adverse health experiences and understand how child abuse and IPV occurrence may perpetrate poor health outcomes. o Additionally, by screening for ACE’s in all populations, childhood to adult, health care workers can identify children who may be victims of abuse or maltreatment due to IPV.

o Knowing an individual’s ACE score will help healthcare professionals lessen the adverse health impacts that may occur due to child abuse and IPV.  Screening Options for Domestic Violence Assessments o Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream (HITS)  This questionnaire includes four questions and can be used in a primary care setting. It can be self- or clinician-administered. o Ongoing Abuse Screen/Ongoing Violence Assessment Tool (OAS/OVAT)  Which is a four question self report questionnaire o Slapped, Threatened, and Throw (STaT)  This questionnaire is a three-item self-report instrument that was tested in an emergency department setting. o Humiliation, Afraid, Rape, Kick (HARK)  Which is a self-administered four-item instrument that asks victims if they’ve ever been humiliated, afraid, raped, or kicked by their partner o Modified Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Short Form (CTQ-SF)  This questionnaire is on a 5 point Likert scale and asks victims questions about emotional, physical, and sexual abuse o Woman Abuse Screen Tool (WAST)  A short questionnaire which asks 2 broad questions pertaining to a women’s relationship with her partner.  Screening Options for Child Abuse Assessments o Early Risks of Physical Abuse and Neglect Scale (ERPANS)

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 Often used during newborn home visits to assess whether parents were at a high risk of abusing their children o Diagnostic Index for Physical Child Abuse (DIPCA) o Screening Index for Physical Child Abuse (SIPCA) o Both DIPCA and SIPCA are often used in hospital settings to confirm child abuse using diagnosis codes. o Pediatric Hurt-Insult-Threaten Scream-Sex screening tool (PedHITSS)  Which is often used for assessing physical and sexual abuse at outpatient clinics o Symptoms Associated with Sexual Abuse (SASA)  Which is often used for assessing sexual abuse at outpatient clinics.

References Appel, J. K., & Kim-Appel, D. (2006) . Child Maltreatment and domestic violence: Human services issues . Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 29(2), 228–244. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25790689 ATrain Education. (n.d.). Child abuse. ATrain Education. https://www.atrainceu.com/content/5-child- abuse ATrain education. (n.d.) Screening for domestic violence. ATrain Education https://www.atrainceu.com/content/11-screening-domestic -violence Caldwell, J.E., Swan, S.C., & Woodbrown, V.D. (2012). Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes. Psychology of Violence, 2 (1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026296 CHEN, Chia-Jung1; CHEN, Yi-Wen2; CHANG, Hsin-Yi3; FENG, Jui-Ying4, ∗ . Screening Tools for Child Abuse Used by Healthcare Providers: A Systematic Review. Journal of Nursing Research 30(1):p e193, February 2022. | DOI: 10.1097/JNR.0000000000000475 Christopher D. Maxwell Tami P. Sullivan Bethany L. Backes Joy S. Kaufman, policy)., N. Y. P. A. R. K. S. (n.d.). New approaches to policing high-risk intimate partner victims and those committing the crimes . National Institute of Justice. Retrieved April 25, 2023, from https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/new- approaches-policing-high-risk-intimate-partner-victims-and-those-committing Fantuzzo, J. W., & Mohr, W. K. (1999). Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence. The Future of Children , 9 (3), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602779 Herrenkohl, T.I., Higgins, D.J., Merrick, M.T., & Leeb, R.T. (2015, May 12). Positioning a public health framework at the intersection o f child maltreatment and intimate partner violence: Primary prevention requires working outside existing systems. Child Abuse Negl., 48, 22-28. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.013

Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Moylan, C. A. (2008). Intersection of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse , 9 (2), 84–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26636161 Jung, H., Herrenkohl, T.I., skinner, M.L., Lee, J.O., Klika, J.B., & Rousson, A.N. (2018, August 30). Gender differences in intimate partner violence: A predictive analysis of IPV by child abuse and domestic violence exposure during early childhood. Violence Against Women, 25 (8). https://doi. org/10.1177/ 1077801218796329 The Kentucky Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2019, October 16). Mandatory reporting. https://kcadv.org/ resources/laws/mandatory-reporting The Kentucky Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2019, July 30). Protective order process. https://kcadv.org/ resources/laws/protective-order-process Lutgendorf, M.A. (2019, September). Intimate partner violence and women’s health. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 134 (3), 470-480. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003326 Mersky, J.P., Choi, C., Lee, C.T.P., & Janczewski, C.E. (2021, July). Disparities in adverse childhood experiences by race/ethnicity, gender, and economic status: Intersectional analysis of a nationally representative sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 117 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j/chiabu. 2021.105066 Saxton, M. D., Jaffe, P. G., Dawson, M., Olszowy, L., & Straatman, A.-L. (2020). Barriers to police addressing risk to children exposed to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect , 106 , 104554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104554 Shorey, R. C., Tirone, V., & Stuart, G. L. (2014). Coordinated community response components for victims of intimate partner violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19 (4), 363–371.

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Zamir, O. (2021, March 4). Childhood maltreatment and relationship quality: A review of type of abuse and mediating and protective factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23 (4). https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1524838021998319

FAM 519 Group Project Script:Outline

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