Do correlations allow researchers to make statements about the causal nature of relationships

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 Do correlations allow researchers to make statements about the causal nature of relationships? Selected Answer: No Correct Answer: No. Correlations only establish that there is a relationship between the measurements. They do not establish that one measurement is caused by the other (e.g., if there is a negative relationship between academic achievement and school attendance, a researcher can only interpret this as students with higher academic achievement tend to have fewer absences OR students with lower achievement tend to have a higher number of absences. It is not appropriate to say that absences lead to poor performance (which is suggesting that absences somehow causes achievement)).  Question 2 Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this analysis. Selected Answer: There will be no statistically significant difference among police patrols with respect to crimes per week. Correct Answer: There will be no statistically significant relationship between the number of police patrols and the number of crimes reported per week.  Question 3 What is the mean number of police patrols? Selected Answer: Police patrols (M=17.70), Correct Answer: 17.70  Question 4 What is the mean number of crimes reported? Selected Answer: Crimes reported (M=46.92) Correct Answer: 46.92  Question 5 What is the standard deviation for the number of police patrols? Selected Answer: Police patrols (SD= 9.34), Correct Answer: 9.33  Question 6 What is the standard deviation for the number of crimes reported? Selected Answer: crimes reported (SD= 9.94)

Correct Answer: 9.94  Question 7 Based on the scenario, would you prefer to see a positive or negative correlation? Selected Answer: Negative Correct Answer: Negative. This would imply that lower reported crimes rates are associated with increased or higher numbers of patrols.  Question 8 What is the value of the correlation coefficient? Selected Answer: - 0.614 Correct Answer: r = -.614  Question 9 Based on the value of the correlation coefficient, how would you classify the strength of this relationship? (Note: Refer to table 5.2). Selected Answer: Strong Correct Answer: Based on the 7th edition, the correlation value (sign removed) is between .5 and 1.0; so the strength of the correlation is Strong. Based on previous editions, the correlation value (sign removed) is between .6 and .8; so the strength of the correlation is Strong.  Question 10 How are the degrees of freedom determined when testing the significance of a correlation coefficient? Selected Answer: N - 2, where N is the number of pairs used to compute the correlation coefficient Correct Answer: n - 2, the number of subjects minus 2  Question 11 Based on the information from the scenario, what is the appropriate value for the degrees of freedom? Selected Answer: 12 Correct Answer: df = 12 (14 subjects - 2 = 12)  Question 12 Does the SPSS output report the value for the degrees of freedom? Selected Answer: no

Correct Answer: No  Question 13 What is the reported level of significance? Selected Answer: 0.019 Correct Answer: p = .019  Question 14 Based on the results of the test of significance, is the relationship between the number of police patrols and the number of reported crimes statistically significant? Selected Answer: yes Correct Answer: Yes. (.019 < .05)  Question 15 Report and interpret your findings as they might appear in an article. Selected Answer: The results indicated a strong and statistically significant relationship, r(12) = .61,p = .019, between the number of police patrols (M = 17.70, SD = 9.34) and crimes reported (M = 46.92, SD = 9.94). The negative value of the correlation suggests that increased police patrols in a neighborhood were associated with reduction in crime rate. The results showed a strong and statistically significant relationship, r(12) = -.614, p = .019, between the number of police patrols and the number of reported crimes. Correct Answer: The results showed a strong and statistically significant relationship, r(12) = -.614, p = .019, between the number of police patrols and the number of reported crimes. The negative coefficient indicates that higher numbers of patrols were associated with lower numbers of reported crimes.  Question 16 I have submitted responses to all of the questions in this exercise. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: Tru e Tuesday, February 6, 2024 11:18:01 PM CST  Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this analysis. Selected Answer: There will be no statistically significant relationship between anger level andblood pressure.

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Correct Answer: There will be no statistically significant relationship between anger level and blood pressure level.  Question 2 What is the value of the correlation coefficient? Selected Answer: .383 Correct Answer: r = .383  Question 3 Based on the value of the correlation coefficient, how would you classify the strength of this relationship? Selected Answer: moderate Correct Answer: Moderate  Question 4 Is the correlation observed for this problm stronger or weaker than the correlation coefficient observed for the relationship between police patrols and crimes reported? Explain. Selected Answer: The weaker the more positive or negative a coefficient, the stronger the relationship is between two variables. Therefore, the current coefficient is weaker since the previous problem's coefficient is more damaging than the current problem's coefficient is positive. Correct Answer: Weaker. The strength of a correlation or relationship is based on the absolute value of the correlation coefficient. Since .383 is less than .614, the relationship identified in this example is weaker than the relationship identified in the police patrols and crimes reported exercise.  Question 5 Based on the information from the scenario, what is the appropriate value for the degrees of freedom? Selected Answer: 28 Correct Answer: df = 28 (30 subjects - 2 = 28)  Question 6 What is the reported level of significance? Selected Answer: .037 Correct Answer: p = .037  Question 7 Based on the results of the test of significance, is the relationship between anger and blood

pressure statistically significant? Selected Answer: yes Correct Answer: Yes. (.037 < .05)  Question 8 Based on your responses to #3 and #4 and the fact that both correlations were statistically significant, what can you conclude about the relationship between practical significance (importance/meaningfulness/strength) and statistical significance (likelihood that a finding is due to chance alone)? Selected Answer: While both have strong or moderate correlations between variables, there may be additional variables that influence the relationship. Correct Answer: A statistically significant result does not mean that the result is important or meaningful. For example, when working with correlation coefficients, a rule of thumb concerning 'importance' or 'usefulness' of findings is that the absolute value of a correlation should be .5 or higher (of course this standard can go up or down depending on the context of the analysis). With this standard in mind, the correlation from exercise 17 would be considered practically significant (e.g., useful) because the absolute value was greater than .5, but the correlation from the current exercise would not be considered practically significant. However, both correlations were identified as 'statistically significant'. Consequently, a statistically significant result does not automatically mean that the result is important or meaningful.  Question 9 Report and interpret your findings as they might appear in an article. Selected Answer: the results showed a moderate and statistically significant relationship, r(28) = .383, p = .037, between the anger levels and blood pressure for males. The positive value of the correlation suggests that higher anger levels in males tends to be associated with higher blood pressure. Correct Answer: The results indicated a moderate but statistically significant relationship, r(28) = .383, p = .037, between anger level and blood pressure. The positive value of the coefficient indicates that higher levels of anger tend to be associated with higher levels of blood pressure.  Question 10 I have submitted responses to all of the questions in this exercise. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: Tru e Tuesday, February 6, 2024 11:21:53 PM CST

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