PSY-102-DevelopmentNewsletter-AmberS

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Psychology

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Jul 2, 2024

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EARLY CHILDHOOD: AGES 5-9 INSERT December 10, 2023 Fact ors Specific to Early Childhood - In early childhood (ages 5-9), children are beginning to understand their ability to think and act independently. They express the desire to make decisions on their own and perform actions without assistance from others. Increased independence is shown in a chid’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development (Malik & Marwaha, 2022). - As children are entering into school, they are surrounded by many new faces and personalities. They start to develop an understanding of their place within their community. At this time children may begin to compare their skills and abilities to their peers. This information is used by the child to determine their role and worth in 1 Physical Development School age children go through many physical changes as they are transitioning from toddlerhood into big kids. Although some physical changes can vary from child to child, such as height and weight, children in this age range will see an rise in growth spurts resulting in an increased appetite. As they grow, they develop more muscle mass making them stronger. This helps to improve their fine and gross motor skills leading to better coordination and balance. Although this age group does not typically experience puberty, toward the end of this age range, some children may experience some signs that puberty is on its way, such as hair development and body odor (Misirliyan et al., 2023). Cognitive Development In the 5-9 age range, young children develop deeper understandings of scientific laws and concepts such as weight, volume, and mass. They begin to understand different perspectives surrounding a topic. Toward the end of this age range, child have mastered basic literacy skills with reading and using numbers. Therefore, they transition from learning to read to reading to learn. Language LIFESPAN DEV.

Two Developmental Theories Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development : Piaget’s theory descibes how people in different stages take in, process, and use information. In this theory, people are divided into four stages of cognitive development. Children in the 5-9 age group span between the preoperaitional (2-7) and the concrete operational (7-12) stages. During these stages, the child transitions from developing language skills and using simple words and phrases to describe an item, to having more complex and abstract thought surrounding an item. This causes the child to go from assoicating an object with one classificiaion (such as size) to grouping obects into many subgroups (such as color, shape, and size) and arranging items in order of different categories (such as height, wieght, or importance) (Grison & Gazzaniga, 2022)(Scott & Cogburn, 2023) . Erickon’s Stages of Psychosocial Development : As with Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, children in the 5-9 age group span across two different stages within this theroy. Erickson’s stages perpose two conflicting states of mind that each individual must resolve to gain a positive virtue and a sense of self. Children ages 3-6 years fall in the conflict of initiative vs. guilt. In this stage, children are expressing the need for independence and taking initiative. This can come in the form of wanting to pick out their own clothes or putting on their own shoes. If the child is able to express this independence, they can gain the virtue of purpose and move to the next stage: industry vs. inferiority. Industry vs. inferiority impacts school aged children, 7-11 years in age. In this stage, children are developing skills and building their confidence with said skills. Participating in sports and doing well in school are good examples. Children in this stage also begin to compare themselves with their peers to determine their worth. If encouraged to develop their skills, the child will build confidence and gain the virtue of competence (Grison & Gazzaniga, 2022)(Orenstein & Lewis, 2022). Socioemotional Development As children enter into school age, they begin to develop a deeper understanding of their familial and friend relationships and responsibilities. Children in this age range can take on simple chores and tasks independently. They engage in more complex play such as dress up or group play and typically bond more with children of the same gender. They develop a sense of moral standards and can use coping skills to deal with simple stressors. Children in this age group begin to express independence away from their family and with making decisions, so there is a precedence placed on new friendships over familial relationships. This is when children will begin to compare themselves to their peers (Malik & Marwaha, 2022). EARLY CHILDHOOD: AGES 5-9 INSERT December 10, 2023 their community. Encouragement from family and friends helps the child to build confidence and a positive self worth (Malik & Marwaha, 2023). 2

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