Topic6Participation revised

.docx

School

Southwest Texas Junior College *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

470

Subject

Psychology

Date

Jul 2, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by scmontes197285

1. Individuals suffering from high levels of anxiety may be prescribed medication to assist them in helping to minimize the effects of those feelings. How do these drugs typically work and what side effects can they cause within those patients? Pharmaceuticals recommended for excessive anxiety belong to multiple classes, such as beta-blockers, benzodiazepines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs, including sertraline and fluoxetine, function by raising serotonin levels in the brain, which can lessen anxiety and enhance mood. Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam and diazepam, increase the calming effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter. While beta-blockers, like propranolol, do not directly impact the mind, they can help manage the physical signs of anxiety, including trembling and a fast heartbeat, by preventing the effects of adrenaline. These drugs have a number of potential negative effects in addition to their potential benefits. Particularly in young adults, SSRIs can cause nausea, sleeplessness, sexual dysfunction, and a higher chance of suicidal thoughts. When used repeatedly, benzodiazepines can lead to dependency, sleepiness, and dizziness. Weariness, chilly hands and feet, and trouble sleeping are some side effects of beta-blockers. To effectively control anxiety while reducing side effects, patients must collaborate closely with their healthcare providers to evaluate these side effects and modify treatment regimens as needed (National Institute of Mental Health, 2021; Mayo Clinic, 2023). References: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) . (2021). Mental Health Medications . Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental- health-medications Mayo Clinic . (2023). Anxiety medications: An overview . Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/diagnosis- treatment/drc-20350967 2. Why does exposure to alcohol during the pregnancy stage increase the chance of ADHD among soon-to-be Newborns?

Due to alcohol's harmful effects on fetal brain development, exposure to alcohol during pregnancy raises the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. As a teratogen, alcohol can obstruct a fetus's ability to develop normally. Alcohol passes the placental barrier during pregnancy and can impact the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural cells, which can change how the baby's brain develops. These disturbances may result in anomalies in the structure and function of the brain, especially in areas related to executive functioning, attention, and impulse control—all of which are crucial for the emergence of ADHD (Linnet et al., 2003; Mattson et al., 2019). Research has unequivocally demonstrated a connection between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and a higher likelihood of ADHD symptoms in offspring. Research has shown that infants exposed to alcohol during pregnancy are more likely than their non-exposed counterparts to display signs of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. These results underscore the need of abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy to prevent potential neurodevelopmental abnormalities in offspring, as prenatal alcohol exposure is shown to be a significant risk factor for ADHD (Burd et al., 2003; O'Leary et al., 2010). To reduce the risk of ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders, public health guidelines strongly advise avoiding drinking alcohol while pregnant. References: Burd, L., Klug, M. G., Martsolf, J. T., & Kerbeshian, J. (2003). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Neuropsychiatric phenomics. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25(6), 697-705. Linnet, K. M., Dalsgaard, S., Obel, C., Wisborg, K., Henriksen, T. B., Rodriguez, A., ... & Thomsen, P. H. (2003). Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: Review of the current evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1028-1040. Mattson, S. N., Crocker, N., & Nguyen, T. T. (2019). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neuropsychological and behavioral features. Neuropsychology Review, 21(2), 81-101.

O’Leary, C. M., Nassar, N., Zubrick, S. R., Kurinczuk, J. J., Stanley, F., & Bower, C. (2010). Evidence of a complex association between dose, pattern and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure and child behaviour problems. Addiction, 105(1), 74-86. 3. How would a mental health professional differentiate between an individual who has schizoid personality disorder and those who simply do not like being around people? To distinguish between schizoid personality disorder (SPD) and a desire for isolation, a variety of behavioral, emotional, and social traits must be evaluated. People with SPD show a consistent pattern of disengagement from social interactions and a limited emotional expressive spectrum in social situations. This distance is not just a preference; it is a deep indifference in developing intimate bonds, even with family members. These people frequently give off the impression of being emotionally detached, unresponsive to compliments or criticism, and lacking in desire for friendships or sexual encounters. They may spend all their time alone and show little enjoyment in most activities. This persistent pattern of social detachment and emotional flatness that seriously hinders functioning is highlighted in the DSM-5's critical diagnostic criteria for SPD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Conversely, those who merely detest social situations could show a preference for isolation without the ubiquitous and unyielding patterns of disengagement associated with SPD. These people exhibit a greater range of emotions and can sustain meaningful relationships. Their tendency for isolation might not be a sign of a serious and enduring illness, but rather situational or personality based. They may not display the extreme emotional aloofness typical of SPD, but they may nevertheless feel satisfaction in some social situations. Mental health professionals also consider the onset and duration of symptoms. While a simple preference for solitude may vary depending on the situation and usually does not result in significant functional impairment, social anxiety disorder (SPD) usually first appears in early adulthood and persists in various contexts (Livesley & Jang, 2000; Millon, 2011). References:

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780134477961

Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Publisher:PEARSON

Cognitive Psychology

Psychology

ISBN:9781337408271

Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.

Publisher:Cengage Learning,

Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...

Psychology

ISBN:9781337565691

Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780393265156

Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga

Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company

Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...

Psychology

ISBN:9781285763880

Author:E. Bruce Goldstein

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)

Psychology

ISBN:9781305652958

Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz

Publisher:Cengage Learning

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:PEARSON
Cognitive Psychology
Psychology
ISBN:9781337408271
Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.
Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...
Psychology
ISBN:9781337565691
Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780393265156
Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...
Psychology
ISBN:9781285763880
Author:E. Bruce Goldstein
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)
Psychology
ISBN:9781305652958
Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz
Publisher:Cengage Learning