Guided_Inquiry_Lab__Model_the_Orbital_Motion_of_Planets

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Jan 9, 2024

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NAME DATE CLASS INQUIRY LAB – GUIDED Model the Orbital Motion of Planets What determines the orbital trajectory of the planets around the sun? Newton’s law of gravity establishes that the attractive force between two particles of matter is proportional to the product of their respective masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. The forces between the planets and the sun are gravitational forces. Because the planets orbit the sun following trajectories that are roughly circular, these forces are also known as centripetal —( centripetal forces keep objects moving in circular paths around a central point.) In this lab, you will use models to explore the forces that keep the planets in orbit, and why some revolve closer or farther away from the sun. Focus on Science Practices SEP 4 Analyze and Interpret Data SEP 5 Use Mathematics and Computational Thinking Materials Per Group ● Balance, 0.1 g precision ● Handle tube ● Meterstick ● Paper clips, 2 ● Rubber stopper, two-hole ● Scissors ● String, 1.5 m ● Timer or stopwatch ● Washers, 18 Safety The very nature of the motion in this activity makes it potentially dangerous. Use caution when twirling the rubber stopper. This demonstration is best conducted in a large open area. Wear safety glasses or goggles. Please follow all laboratory safety guidelines. Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.
NAME DATE CLASS Procedure Part I: Orbital Speed, Period, and Radius What is the relationship between the speed, period, and radius of orbital motion? 1. Thread the string through one hole in the rubber stopper and then back through the other hole. Tie the stopper securely to the end of the string. Tie a few knots to make sure the stopper is secure. 2. Thread the free end of the string through the handle tube. Leave about 1 meter of string between the top of the handle and the rubber stopper. Figure 1 illustrates the basic setup. Figure 1 3. Tie a loop in the free end of the string 25 cm below the handle tube. 4. Slip the loop through the center of six washers and hold the washers in place by inserting a bent paper clip through the loop, as shown in Figure 2. Slip a paper clip over the string just below the handle tube as shown in Figure 2. This will be the “marker” clip Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.
NAME DATE CLASS Figure 2 5. Twirl the rubber stopper slowly in a horizontal circle over your head and gradually increase the speed of the rubber stopper until it just stays in a horizontal orbit. Caution: Be sure the lab partner is in an open area, clear of people and any breakable items, and all lab partners are wearing safety glasses or goggles. 6. Spin the stopper at an approximately constant rate. Another lab partner should count and record the number of revolutions the stopper makes in a 20-second period when the orbit radius is one meter (1 m). Practice repeating this step until your count of stopper revolutions in 20 seconds is approximately constant before you record any data in Table 1. Caution: Be sure the lab partner is in an open area, clear of people and any breakable items, and all lab partners are wearing safety glasses or goggles. 7. Shorten the length of the string above the handle to about 0.5 meters and repeat steps 5–6 for an orbit radius of 0.5 meters. Record your data in Table 1. 8. Keep the assembled stopper/handle setup for Part II. Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.
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NAME DATE CLASS Table 1 Orbital Speed, Period, and Radius Orbital Radius (m) Revolutions in 20 seconds Orbital Period, T (s) Orbital Speed, v (m/s) 1.0 0.5 Part II: Orbital Speed and the Force of Gravity How does gravity affect the speed of orbital motion? 9. Return the string to its original 1-meter length between the stopper and the tube. Slip a paper clip over the string just below the handle tube as shown in Figure 2. This will be the “marker” clip. 10. Spin the stopper at an approximately constant rate. Another lab partner should count and record the number of revolutions the stopper makes in a 20-second period when the orbit radius is one meter (1 m). Practice repeating this step until your count of stopper revolutions in 20 seconds is approximately constant before you record any data in Table 2. Caution: Be sure the lab partner is in an open area, clear of people and any breakable items, and all lab partners are wearing safety glasses or goggles . 11. Increase the number of washers to 18 and repeat step 10. Make sure the marker paper clip is still in the proper location. It should be just under the handle tube when the orbit radius is 1 meter in length. Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.
NAME DATE CLASS Table 2 Orbital Speed and the Force of Gravity Orbital Radius (m) 1.0 Number of Washers Revolutions in 20 seconds Orbital Period, T (s) Orbital Speed, v (m/s) 6 18 Analyze and Interpret Data 1. SEP Use Models Draw a freebody diagram of the stopper following a circular orbit around the tube handle, and washers hanging from the string. Indicate in your diagram the orbital speed ( v ) of the stopper, the centripetal force acting on the stopper ( F c ), and the force of gravity acting on the hanging washers ( F g ). 2. SEP Use Mathematics In Part I, calculate the orbital period ( T , in seconds) of the stopper for the two orbital radii studied. Fill in Table 1 and show a sample of your calculations. Note: Remember that the period, T , is the time per single revolution or orbit. Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.
NAME DATE CLASS 3. SEP Use Mathematics In Part I, apply Equation 1 to calculate the orbital speed ( v , in m/s) of the stopper for the two orbital radii ( r ) studied. Fill in Table 1 and show a sample of your calculations. Equation 1: 𝑣 = 2π𝑟 𝑇 4. SEP Analyze and Interpret Data Using the results from Part I, describe the relationship between orbital radius ( r ) and orbital speed ( v ). 5. SEP Use Mathematics In Part II, calculate the orbital period ( T , in seconds) of the stopper for both trials. Fill in Table 2 and show a sample of your calculations. Note: Remember that the period, T , is the time it takes to complete a single revolution (or orbit). 6. SEP Use Mathematics In Part II, apply Equation 1 to calculate the orbital speed ( v , in m/s) of the stopper for both trials. Fill in Table 2 and show a sample of your calculations. Equation 1: 𝑣 = 2π𝑟 𝑇 Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.
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NAME DATE CLASS 7. SEP Analyze and Interpret Data Using the results from Part II, describe the relationship between orbital speed ( v ) and the gravitational force acting on the stopper ( F g .) Note: Recall that F g , the force of gravity on the stopper, is equal to the mass of the washers ( m ) multiplied by the gravitational acceleration on Earth ( g ). 8. SEP Construct an Explanation Predict what would happen with the rotating stopper if the string holding it suddenly broke off. Explain. 9. SEP Construct an Explanation How is this model similar to or different from the orbits of the planets? What do the stopper and the tube handle represent? Explain. Copyright © 2022 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Flinn Scientific and its affiliates are not responsible for any modifications made by end users to the content posted in its original format.

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