Physics 2 Lab 5

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Temple University *

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Physics

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab 5- Capacitance and Charge Conservation Purpose: To understand how capacitors get charged and discharged and also see what properties of a parallel plate capacitor affect its capacitance. We see how charge and potential are measured and also examine how charge is a conserved quantity that can either be positive or negative. Apparatus: Electrometer, basic variable capacitor, power, proof plane Procedure: Part I- Potential vs Charge on a Parallel Plate Capacitor ● Place the capacitor as far away as possible from the sphere and the voltage source to prevent charge from induction. ● Manually zero the electrometer to zero while the power is off. ● Set the scale range to 100 and turn on the electrometer. The range switch LED should blink twice in succession. Zero it to remove any residual charge from the electrometer and plates of the capacitor. ● Set the plate separation to 0.1cm and use a proof plane to transfer charge from the charged sphere to the capacitor plates. ● Observe and record the voltage reading as you transfer the charge on to the capacitor. ● Plot a scatter graph of the data collected and provide linear trend lines to the graph.
Part II- Capacitance vs Plate Separation ● Set up a table with columns for voltage and plate separation distance. ● Set up the equipment with the parallel plate capacitor connected to the electrometer via the BNC connector. ● Connect the leads to the 30V output and ground of the voltage source but do not connect them to the plates of the capacitor. ● Charge the capacitor by touching the positive voltage source to one plate and the negative lead to the other plate then removing the leads. ● Remove the leads and record the electrometer reading in the data table. ● By only touching the plastic base of the plates, record the electrometer reading as the separation distance increments changes by 1mm. The initial plate should start with 0.5cm. ● Make a scatter plot of the voltage vs separation distance on excel. Part III- Conservation of Charge ● Clip the red lead of the electrometer to the inner pail and black lead to the shield. ● Place one hand on the grounded shield throughout the experiment so the person is continuously grounded. ● Discharge the pail by touching the pail and the shield at the same time with one hand before starting the experiment to remove any existing charge. ● Discharge the wands by touching them with a finger and then generate a static charge on the wands by gently rubbing them together.
● Observe the deflection in the electrometer as the grounded experiment places one of the wands inside the pail without letting it touch the pail and repeat with the other wand. Precautions: ● Ensure that the meter reads zero with the power off. ● Make sure the scale range is set to 100. ● Be sure the electrometer and the voltage source are grounded to earth. ● The person moving the plates should keep their hands on the plate to avoid transient effects. Errors: ● Touching both wands together. ● Not zeroing the electrometer before starting the experiment. ● The person performing the experiment not placing one hand on the grounded shield throughout the experiment. Data & Table:
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Table 1: Charge vs Voltage Graph Table 2: Distance vs Voltage Conclusion:
We were able to see how capacitors work and how they can be charged and discharged. We also saw the precautions that had to be taken to prevent adding or removing any charges when performing the experiment. We also saw the relationship between potential vs charge on a parallel plate capacitor. From the graph we determined that the relationship between charge and voltage was linear with a 10.291 slope. In the second part of the experiment, we saw the linear relationship between voltage and separation distance and got a 0.418 slope from the graph. In the third part of the experiment, we saw the polarities of the charges of both wands, the white one being 16V and the blue one being -17V. They were almost basically the same number with different signs which shows the polarity. Questions: Question 1. What does your graph tell you about the charge vs. voltage relationship for a capacitor? According to table 1, it shows us that our graph is linear. Question 2. We can’t measure capacitance directly with this equipment, so we’ll use our electrometer again to record the potential . How can we use the potential data to find the capacitance as a function of plate separation distance? (Hint: think about the equation .) We will derive it from the slope. Question 3. What does the graph of voltage vs. plate separation look like? How does the potential vary with separation? The graph of voltage vs plate separation is linear too but more spread out
Question 4. Based on the results of the investigation of a parallel-plate capacitor, how does its capacitance vary with the separation distance ? Our data suggests that as the voltage increases, so does the capacitance showing its linear relationship between the two. However this might be wrong due to errors that might have occurred in the experiment. Question 5. What is the relation between the magnitudes of the charges? The relationship between the magnitudes of the charges was almost the same for both wands since we got 16 V for the white wand and -17V for the blue wand. Question 6. What is the relation between the polarities of the charges? They are opposite signs showing its polarity. The white wand was 16V while the blue wand was -17V. Question 7. Was charge conserved in this demonstration? Use your data to justify your answer. Yes because they had the same magnitude, just opposite signs showing their polarity.
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