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Physics Laboratory II- Exploring the Nature of Light 1 Lauren Sturm Partners: Jayme Kerrigan, Brianna Juskalian Introduction to General Physics II – Section 067 4/8/18 Introduction: The purpose of this lab understand how light is composed and to become knowledgeable of the differentiation of single and double slit diffraction. Students will understand how the size of the slit affects diffraction patterns and how to figure out the polarization of light via the axes. Procedure: Part 1. The Composition of White Light Step 1- The ray box should be placed on top of graph paper. A single narrow beam should be created by placing a mask over the opening of the ray box. The beam should thus be aimed through the prism so the deviation at its maximum is obtained. Step 2- The beam of light should be followed as it is entered the prism and exits out the opposing side. Check for any indication of color after each refraction. Record observations. Part II. The Composition of Monochromatic Light Step 1- With the same set up from part I, a while light should be shown onto the prism to form a spectrum. A mask with a slit that is small should be used to let only one color of light pass through. This should then be passes through a second prism onto a screen. Part III. Single-Slit Diffraction Step 1- Using a single slit disk and a laser, a 3cm distance should be set between them on the optics bench. The slit should be set to 0.02 mm, the laser should then be shown through the slit onto the screen. Step 2- The distance from screen to slit should be found and recorded. Step 3- The room lights should now be turned off and the white calipers should be used to measure the distance. Measure distance of the extension of central bright band pattern of diffraction. Record size in the data table for 0.02 mm slit. Step 4- Repeat step 4 for 0.04mm, 0.08mm, 0.16 mm slits. Record. Step 5- The slit size of the central maximum for each case should be computed. Record results. Part IV. Double-Slit Diffraction Step 1- In the same set up as the previous part, replace the single slit disk with the multiple slit disk. A sheet of paper should be taped to the screen to mark the positions of the maxima. Step 2- Slit to screen distance should be measured and recorded.

Physics Laboratory II- Exploring the Nature of Light 2 Step 3- The double slit should be chosen with an a=0.04mm and d=0.25mm. Rotate disk until this is achieved. Step 4- Central maximum width should be measured and recorded. Step 5- Fringe width should be measured. This is done by dividing the width of the central maximum by the number of fringes that there are. Record values. Step 6- A new double slit should be used. Use the same slit width of a= 0.04mm but with a slit separation of d=0.50mm. Record. Step 7- A new double slit should be used. An a= 0.08mm and the slit separation distance that was original of d=0.25mm. Record. Step 8- A double slit of a=0.08 mm and d=0.50mm should now be used. Record. Part V. Polarization of Light Step 1- A white light source should be placed opposite to a screen on the optics bench. Step 2- Two polarizers should be unsnapped from the accessory holder. The polarizing sunglasses should be used to figure out the polarization planes for polarizers. Maximum and minimum transmission orientations should be observed. Step 3- Two polarizers should be snapped on to the accessory holder. Step 4- The transmission of light through polarizers as a light function of angle theta between the axes of transmission should be investigates. Record. Precaution and Sources of Error: There are many possible sources of error for this experiment. One possible source of error is improper use of the light and ray boxes. If the rays of light are not deviated as they are supposed to be, then data will be skewed and students will not see what the deviation is supposed to produce. Another possible source of error could be if the prisms are used and placed incorrectly, this would lead to the student not being able to see the colors of light that they are supposed to see. When using the laser and slit disks, it is important to be precise and accurate in what distance is set as well as slit width and slit separation. If these numbers are not precise and accurate, then one will not see the central light and fringes that they are supposed to. This would skew data and lead to incorrect measurement and calculations. Data and Calculations: Part I. After first refraction no color seen. After second refraction, a small rainbow of Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. Part III.

Physics Laboratory II- Exploring the Nature of Light 3 “The slit to screen distance is ___ 69 ___ cm.” Slit size (mm) Size of the central maximum (mm) Slit size X size of the central maximum (mm*mm) 0.02 40 0.8 0.04 25 1.0 0.08 15 1.2 0.16 10 1.6 Part IV. “The slit to screen distance is __ 69.5 ____ cm.” Table A. Width of central maximum slit width slit separation d = 0.25 mm d = 0.50 mm a = 0.04 mm 25 23 a = 0.08 mm 12 14 Table B. Fringe width slit width slit separation d = 0.25 mm d = 0.50 mm a = 0.04mm 2.27 1.2 a = 0.08 mm 2.4 1.4 Part V. At what angles is the transmission as estimated by brightness (a) maximum, (b) reduced by one-half, and (c) a minimum? (a)_ (0,0) _(b)_ (0,40) _(c)_ (0,90) _

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Physics Laboratory II- Exploring the Nature of Light 4 Questions: Question 1. Which color component has the largest angle of deviation after passing through the prism? Violet light. Question 2. Can the monochromatic light be split into further components by the second prism? No, this is due to the fact that after passing through the second prism, the same color is kept by the light. This is due to the monochromatic light that has a single wavelength, thus it cannot be further dispersed like light that is of white. Question 3. Did the thickness of the prism alter the red light in any way? This changing of the prism thickness altered the red light slightly. The red light in fact became much more prominent and brighter when the light was passed through the portion of the prism that was thicker. The opposite happened when light was forced through a portion of the prism that was thinner. Question 4. How does the slit size affect the size of the central maximum? As slit size increases, the size of the central maximum decreases. Thus, slit size and size of central maximum have an inverse relationship. Question 5. How does the interference pattern, specifically the diffraction width and the interference width, vary with a and d? Refer to your data to support your answer. The central maximum width decreased when we increased “ a ” as well as decreased when we increased “ d ” The fringe width decreased when we increased “ d ” and stayed around the same when we increased “ a ” . Question 6. Is the interference width directly or inversely proportional to the slit spacing? The interference width is inversely proportional to the slit spacing. Interference width was found to decrease when slit spacing was increased. Question 7. Sunglasses have a vertical transmission axis because they are designed to remove the glare from light reflecting off of water and other surfaces. What can we then conclude about the direction of polarization of the reflected light? Transmissions axis only allows vibrations that are parallel to pass through. With a vertical axis of transmission, vibrations that are horizontal will be blocked and vertical vibrations will be the only ones allowed to be transmitted. Question 8. Is light a transverse or longitudinal wave?

Physics Laboratory II- Exploring the Nature of Light 5 Light is an electromagnetic wave, thus as the wave enters one plane, the electric field moves in the direction of the plane that is perpendicular and the magnetic field in turn goes in the opposite direction of the electric field. Due to the fact that the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the wave of light, light is a wave that is transverse. Results and Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to understand how light is composed and to become knowledgeable of the differentiation of single and double slit diffraction. Students understood how the size of the slit affects diffraction patterns and how figured out how to find out the polarization of light via the axes.

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