Lab 5 - Newton's Second Law

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School

Life Chiropractic College West *

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Course

MECHANICS

Subject

Physics

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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4

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Name Dalton Rios Date 19SEP2023 Class To investigate how force, mass and acceleration are related through graphing and data analysis. You’ve probably heard of Newton and his laws of physics. You may even be able to name a few of his laws, but you may not realize how comprehensive and universally applicable they are! Newton’s second law can be used to explain the mechanics involved in many collisions from billiards to car crashes and is useful to keep in mind when figuring out how to accelerate quickly or how to create the greatest force with the least amount of effort! Acceleration, velocity Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object depends on the object’s mass and the net force applied to the object. The law can be written mathematically as: Force = Mass × Acceleration or F = m × a . This equation can also be rearranged: Acceleration = Force Mass Acceleration is a measure of how much the velocity is changing over time. This is expressed in an equation like this: 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 . 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 1. What do you think a velocity versus time graph would look like if a ball is accelerating? 1. Start Virtual Physics and select Newton’s Second Law from the list of assignments. The lab will open in the Mechanics laboratory. 2. The laboratory will be set up with a ball on a table. Attached to the ball is a rocket used to push the ball across the table. There is no friction. In this experiment, you will collect position and velocity data as the ball moves across the table. Then you will make position and velocity graphs. 3. Click on the red Recording button to start recording data in the Lab Book. Start the ball rolling by clicking on the Force button. Observe what happens as the ball rolls across the table. The force is set to 10 N and the mass of the ball is 2 kg. The experiment will stop automatically when the ball has reached
Name Date Class the end of the table. A link will appear in the Lab Book containing the position and velocity versus time data of the ball rolling across the table. Click next to the link to label the link with the force and mass. 4. Click the Reset button to reset the experiment back to the beginning. Use the Parameters Palette to change the rocket force and repeat Step 3 for two different forces. Record the forces in the table below. 5. Now observe what happens to the ball’s speed and acceleration when you change the mass. Click the Reset button to reset the experiment back to the beginning. Use the Parameters Palette to change the mass of the ball. Make sure the Force is set to 10 N, and repeat Step 3 for two different masses. Don’t change the force for these experiments. Record the masses in the table. 6. Open each of the links and record the final velocity and the time it took to reach that velocity in the table. Note: record the time when the ball first reaches the end of the ramp—there may be other data points after that, but just take the time when it reaches the end. Force (N) Mass of ball (kg) Final velocity (m/s) Time to reach end of ramp (s) Acceleration (m/s 2 ) 10 2 44.7 9 5 5 2 31.6 12.7 2.5 15 2 54.7 7.3 7.5 10 0.5 89.4 12 20 10 0.1 200 14.1 100 1. Using the data in each of the data links in your Lab Book, draw the velocity versus time graphs on the grid on the next page. You will be plotting the velocity of the ball versus the time as the ball crossed the table. Label the horizontal axis Time (s) and the vertical axis Velocity (m/s) . Choose a scale for your graph that fits your data. The first data point will be (0 s, 0 m / s ) . This is the time and speed of the ball when it started rolling. Plot ten points for each ball. Connect the data points using a different color for each experiment. Label each line with the force and mass of the ball.
Name Date Class 2. How do the velocity versus time graphs show that the balls are accelerating? The velocity versus time graphs can show that the balls are accelerating by observing the shape of the graphs. When a ball is accelerating, the velocity is changing over time. In the graphs, an accelerating ball will have a curve that is not a straight line. The steeper the curve, the greater the acceleration. 3. Which ball accelerated the most? Ball 5 4. Calculate the acceleration of each of the balls using the change in velocity and the elapsed time. Each ball started at 0 m / s . Record your calculations in the table. Another way to calculate acceleration is to use Newton’s Second Law, solved for the acceleration. Do your calculations for acceleration match what you would calculate that way? Ball 1 5m/s, ball 2 2.5 m/s, ball 3 7.5m/s, ball 4 20 m/s, ball 5 100 m/s. Yes they do. 5. Using the calculated data in your data table, draw a force versus acceleration graph on the grid on the next page. You will be plotting the applied force on the ball versus the observed acceleration as the ball crossed the table. Label the horizontal axis Acceleration (m/s 2 ) and the vertical axis Force (N). Just use your first three data points, collected in Procedure Step 4, which were all performed on the same ball. Choose a scale for your graph that fits your data.
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Name Date Class 6. What does the slope of the force-acceleration graph tell you? The acceleration and force relationship continues to grow as time goes on then theres a point where it hits a steady state of acceleration. 7. Explain how you could produce a large acceleration using a very small force. Take away friction on the table and in the air as well as create a smaller sized ball with less mass. 8. What are two ways in which you can increase acceleration? Increase force and decrease mass of the ball