Geometric+Optics+Lab

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North Dakota State University *

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Apr 3, 2024

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Name Zayra Mendez Date February 25 Geometric Optics Lab Preliminary Questions There are several properties of the lens you can change in the simulation you will use in this lab. For each one below, PREDICT what you think the effect will be on the image (its size, location, and brightness): (12 points) a) Radius of curvature of the lens - While brightness and position stay the same, I believe that increasing the curvature would also increase the image's size. b) Refractive index - I believe that a higher refractive index would make the image appear smaller and closer while somewhat lowering brightness. c) Diameter – I believe that if the diameter were increased, the image would remain in the same place but would be brighter and larger. Procedure You will use the video of the Geometric Optics Simulation as an aid in completing the lab. 1. Describe the three special principal rays: how do they enter the lens, and how do they exit the lens? It is also explained in the prior lesson reading. (12 points) a. the first is an incident ray that passes through the lens's focal point after traveling parallel to the primary axis and being refracted. b. The second is a ray that travels one focus length before it intersects the primary axis. When it exits the lens parallel to the primary axis, it refracts. c. The third incident ray is similar to the first in that it doesn't undergo refractive error when it travels through the lens's center.

2. We will slowly slide the pencil picture horizontally toward the lens, but do not slide it past the focal point of the lens (the “X” on the line). Describe what happens to the image. If you do not see the pencil picture, click the change object box. (4 points) The size of the image grows. The further away an object is, the smaller its reflection is. 3. We will place the object on the focal point of the lens (the “X” on the line). What happens to the rays when they leave the lens: are the bent or parallel? Do you think you could see an image? Why or why not? (4 points) There is no image created when the object is at the focal point. There is no convergence or divergence of the refracted photons. The light beams are going parallel to one another after refracting, making it impossible to create an image. The lens emits parallel light rays. 4. We will place the pencil between the lens and the focal point. Click the box marked virtual image. What happens to the image? (4 points) The picture was enlarged and inverted. The picture reflection is too large to photograph when the image is in the focal point. 5. We will slide the pencil back to where it was when you started. Now, use the sliders to change the values of the lens curvature radius. Fill in the table below. (12 points) What happens to the focal point? What happens to the image? When the lens curvature radius is larger: The focal point moves farther away from the lens. The image also moves further and increases in size . When the lens curvature radius is smaller the focal length is closer to the lens The image moves closer to the lens and decreases in size . 6. We will use the sliders to change the values of diameter of the lens. Fill in the table below. (12 points) What happens to the focal point? What happens to the image? Lens Diameter is larger Remains stationary The picture gets brighter and larger.

Lens Diameter is smaller Remains stationary The picture gets darker. The image becomes darker when the diameter of the lens is lowered because less light passes through the lens and into the image; the image's size remains same.

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7. We will use the slider to change the index of refraction of the lens. Fill in the table below. (12 points) What happens to the focal point? What happens to the image? Index of Refraction is larger The focal point is closer to the lens . The image increases in size. The convex lens bends the light rays, so the image appears larger Index of Refraction is smaller Increase focal length The image decreases in size. The convex lens bends the light rays, so the image appears smaller 8. Slide the object to the left so that the image is on the right. Select “2 nd Point” at the top-right and you should see a red dot on the pencil and a new set of yellow rays going through the lens. a. Slide the green dot up and down. What happens to the yellow rays? (4 points) When the dot is down, the yellow rays point up, and vice versa. b. Place the red dot at the center of the pencil. Where do the yellow rays intersect? (4 points) In the center of the projected image, the yellow rays intersect right on the primary axis. c. Place the red dot at on the eraser. Where do the yellow rays intersect? (4 points) On the eraser part of the projected image, too, the yellow rays intersect. 9. Deselect “2 nd Point” at the top-left and select “Screen” at the top-right. Move the screen around and observe how the brightness of the circle changes. a. What locations is the brightness the least? (4 points) The point of intersection is the least brightest just before the rays intersect and the mirror passes through it, as well as to the right of the simulation. b. What location is the brightness the most? (4 points) It is brightest immediately following and shortly before the light beams intersect. c. Where do you think the image would be the clearest? (4 points) The image would, in my opinion, be most visible immediately after the beams connect.

d. What do we call the point where the light is the brightest? (4 points) The Arago spot

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