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PHYSICES 11 2010 QB CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Sarah jogs 2.5 km [W] and stops to rest. She then jogs 1.0 km [W] and stops at a neighbourhood park. What is Sarah’s total displacement? a. 1.5 km [W] b. 2.5 km [W] c. 2.5 km [E] d. 3.5 km [W] ____ 2. Which statement is true about the type of motion represented by this position-time graph? a. The object is moving westward at a constant velocity. b. The object is moving eastward at a constant velocity. c. The object is stationary at a location to the west of the reference position. d. The object is stationary at a location to the east of the reference position. ____ 3. A horse leaves the stable and trots 350 m due west to the end of a field. The horse then trots 210 m due east back toward the stable. What is the total displacement of the horse? a. 550 m [E] b. 550 m [W] c. 150 m [E] d. 140 m [W] ____ 4. Bryce leaves his home and walks 600 m due west to the library. He then walks 200 m due east and stops at the pharmacy. Which equation represents Bryce’s total displacement? a. 600 m [W] + 200 m [E] = 800 m [W] b. 600 m [W] - 200 m [W] = 400 m [W] c. 600 m [E] + 200 m [E] = 800 m [E] d. 600 m [W] - 200 m [E] = 400 m [E] ____ 5. Which term describes the distance and direction of an object from a reference point? a. acceleration b. motion c. velocity d. position ____ 6. Which of the following is an example of a vector quantity? a. time b. mass c. position d. distance ____ 7. Which position-time graph represents an object that is moving westward at a constant velocity? a. b. c. d. ____ 8. You dog runs in a straight line at a constant speed of 1.2 m/s. How far will the dog run in 30.0 s? a. 45 m b. 36 m c. 25 m d. 72 m ____ 9. Which statement is true about the type of motion represented by this position-time graph? a. The object is moving westward at a constant velocity. b. The object is stationary at a location to the west of the reference position. c. The object is stationary at a location to the east of the reference position. d. The object is moving eastward at a constant velocity. ____ 10. Which position-time graph represents a stationary object at a location to the west of the reference position? a. b. c. d. ____ 11. What is the average velocity of a baseball that is hit and travels 19.2 m in 14.5 s? a. 0.76 m/s b. 19.2 m/s c. 278.4 m/s d. 1.32 m/s

a. The velocity of the object is decreasing as it moves in an eastward direction. b. The velocity of the object is increasing as it moves in an eastward direction. c. The object is moving in an eastward direction at a constant velocity. d. The velocity of the object is increasing as it move in a westward direction. ____ 13. A horse is galloping at an average velocity of 5.2 m/s [W]. What is the change in position of the horse after 22 s? a. m [W] b. m [W] c. m [W] d. m [W] ____ 14. What is the velocity of the rolling ball shown in this position-time graph? a. 3 m/s b. 5 m/s c. 8 m/s d. 2 m/s ____ 15. Which term describes the total length of the path travelled by an object in motion? a. distance b. direction c. acceleration d. velocity ____ 16. Which statement is true about the type of motion represented by this position-time graph? 12 a. The velocity of the object is decreasing as it moves in an eastward direction. b. The velocity of the object is increasing as it moves in an eastward direction. c. The object is moving in an eastward direction at a constant velocity. d. The velocity of the object is increasing as it moves in a westward direction. ____ 17. Which term describes the line an object moves along from a particular starting point? a. distance b. direction c. acceleration d. velocity ____ 18. Which of the following is an example of a vector quantity? a. mass b. time c. acceleration d. density ____ 19. Which position-time graph represents an object with an increasing velocity moving in a westward direction? a. b. c. d. ____ 20. Which term describes a quantity that has only magnitude? a. vector b. slope c. velocity d. scalar ____ 21. A car is passing another car on the highway. It increases its velocity from 12 m/s [E] to 21 m/s [E] over a time interval of 10 s. What is the car’s average acceleration? a. 0.6 m/s 2 b. 0.9 m/s 2 c. 1.9 m/s 2 d. 0.3 m/s 2

____ 22. What is the average acceleration for the skateboard shown on this velocity-time graph for the period of 0 s to 5 s? a. 15 m/s 2 b. 5 m/s 2 c. 3 m/s 2 d. 45 m/s 2 ____ 23. Which of the following is an example of a scalar quantity? a. displacement b. position c. average velocity d. distance ____ 24. Which position-time graph represents an object with a decreasing velocity moving in a westward direction? a. b. c. d. ____ 25. An ATV has an average acceleration of 1.9 m/s 2 . If the vehicle accelerates for 5.8 s and has an initial velocity of 15 m/s [E], what is the final velocity of the ATV? a. 26 m/s [E] b. 21 m/s [E] c. 11 m/s [E] d. 17 m/s [E] ____ 26. You want to determine how long it takes a car to accelerate from 10 m/s [W] to 12.9 m/s [W] if it experiences an average acceleration of 2.1 m/s 2 . Which expression would you solve to find this measure of time? a. (12.9 + 10) 2.1 b. (12.9 - 10) 2.1 c. (12.9 - 10) 2.1 d. (12.9 10) 2.1 ____ 27. Which equation would you use to determine the displacement of an object that is undergoing uniform acceleration, when given the initial velocity, final velocity, and the time interval? a. b. c. d. ____ 28. What is the displacement represented by this graph over the time interval from 0 s to 5 s? a. 50 m [E] b. 100 m [E] c. 100 m [W] d. 50 m [W] ____ 29. Which term describes a change in an object’s location as measured by a particular observer? a. scalar b. velocity c. acceleration d. motion ____ 30. Which of the following is an example of a scalar quantity? a. momentum b. force c. displacement d. speed ____ 31. Which term describes a quantity that has magnitude and direction? a. slope b. vector c. scalar d. velocity ____ 32. Which of the following is an example of uniform velocity? a. A car travels down a straight highway at a steady 95 km/h. b. A horse trots around a circular track at a constant speed. c. A truck travels a twisty highway ranging from 40 km/h to 70 km/h. d. A skydiver jumps out of an airplane and falls to the ground with increasing speed.

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____ 33. How do you determine position from a position–time graph? a. Take the slope. b. Find the area. c. Read information from the graph. d. none of the above ____ 34. How do you determine velocity from a position–time graph? a. Find the area. b. Read information from the graph. c. Take the slope. d. none of the above ____ 35. Which of the following is an example of non-uniform velocity? a. An airplane flies in a straight path across the sky at a steady speed of 500 km/h. b. A passenger on a merry-go-round travels in a circle at a speed of 0.9 m/s. c. A cheetah runs in a straight path at a constant rate of speed. d. A speed boat travels straight down a river at a steady 70 km/h. ____ 37. How do you determine acceleration from an acceleration–time graph? a. Take the slope. b. Find the area. c. Read information from the graph. d. none of the above ____ 38. Which equation would you use to determine distance travelled if acceleration is uniform and you have been given initial velocity, final velocity, and acceleration? a. b. c. d. ____ 39. Which acceleration-time graph represents the same motion as this position-time graph? ____ 36. How do you determine velocity from a velocity–time graph? a. Read information from the graph. b. Find the area. c. Take the slope. d. none of the above a. b. c. d. ____ 40. A picture frame is knocked off a wall and accelerates uniformly to the floor. If the picture was hung 2.5 m above the floor and there is no air resistance, which equation would you use to determine how long it takes the picture frame to reach the floor? a. b. c. d.

____ 41. How do you determine acceleration from a velocity–time graph? a. Take the slope. b. Read information from the graph. c. Find the area. d. none of the above ____ 42. Which equation would you use to solve a problem for final velocity that does not directly involve displacement? a. b. c. d. ____ 43. How do you determine velocity from an acceleration–time graph? a. Take the slope. b. Read information from the graph. c. Find the area under the graph. d. none of the above ____ 44. Which equation would you use to determine the displacement of an object moving with uniform acceleration given a value for acceleration? a. b. c. d. ____ 45. Which statement is true regarding acceleration due to gravity? a. The acceleration due to gravity is consistent anywhere on Earth. b. The value for acceleration due to gravity is always 9.8 m/s 2 . c. Free fall does not exist in real-life situations. d. all of the above Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. ____ 1. The study of motion is called velocity . ____________________ ____ 2. Motion is a change in an object’s location as measured by a particular observer. ____________________ ____ 3. Displacement means the total length of the path travelled by an object in motion. ____________________ ____ 4. Acceleration is the line an object moves along from a particular starting point. ____________________ ____ 5. Scalar refers to a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. ____________________ ____ 6. A vector quantity is a quantity that has magnitude only. ____________________ ____ 7. Distance is an example of a scalar quantity. ____________________ ____ 8. Position refers to the distance and direction of an object from a reference point. ____________________ ____ 9. Velocity is the change in position of an object. ____________________ ____ 10. A position-time graph shows the vectors associated with a displacement drawn to a particular scale. ____________________ ____ 11. A vector can be represented by a straight line between two points with a specific direction, also know as a directed line segment . ____________________ ____ 12. The average velocity of a moving object is the total distance travelled divided by the total time elapsed. ____________________ ____ 13. The average speed of an object in motion is its total change in position divided by the total time for that position change. ____________________ ____ 14. In a position-time graph, position is shown on the vertical axis. ____________________ ____ 15. The slope of a line describes its length . ____________________ ____ 16. Speed is an example of a vector quantity. ____________________ ____ 17. Rise refers to the horizontal change between two points on a line. ____________________ ____ 18. Run refers to the horizontal change between two points on a line. ____________________ ____ 19. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. ____________________ ____ 20. Motion with non-uniform velocity is motion at a constant speed in a straight line. ____________________

____ 21. Position is an example of a scalar quantity. ____________________ ____ 22. Accelerated motion is motion in which the object’s speed changes or the object does not travel in a straight line. ____________________ ____ 23. In a velocity-time graph, velocity is shown on the horizontal axis. ____________________ ____ 24. In motion with uniform acceleration , the velocity of an object changes at a constant rate. ____________________ ____ 25. Average velocity is the velocity of an object at a specific instant in time. ____________________ ____ 26. An acceleration-time graph is a graph describing motion of an object, with acceleration on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. ____________________ ____ 27. Acceleration due to velocity is the acceleration that occurs when an object is allowed to fall freely. ____________________ ____ 28. Terminal velocity is the acceleration due to gravity of an object in the absence of air resistance. ____________________ ____ 29. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object when the force due to air resistance equals the force due to gravity on the object. ____________________ ____ 30. Displacement is an example of a vector quantity. ____________________ Completion Complete each statement. 1. ____________________ is the term used to describe the study of how objects move. 2. ____________________ is a change in the location of an object, as measured by an observer. 3. A(n) ____________________ quantity is a quantity that has magnitude only. 4. A(n) ____________________ is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. 5. ____________________ means the total length of the path travelled by an object in motion. 6. ____________________ is the line an object moves along from a particular starting point. 7. The distance and direction of an object from a reference point is called ____________________. 8. ____________________ is the change in position of an object. 9. A straight line between two points with a specific direction is called a(n) ____________________. 10. The ____________________ of a moving object is the total distance travelled divided by the total time elapsed. 11. The ____________________ of an object in motion is its total displacement divided by the total time taken for the motion. 12. The ____________________ of a line is a measure of its steepness. 13. ____________________ refers to the vertical change between two points on a line. 14. ____________________ refers to the horizontal change between two points on a line. 15. ____________________ describes how quickly an object’s velocity changes over time.

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Matching Classify each quantity as a scalar quantity or vector quantity. Answer choices may be used more than once. a. scalar b. vector ____ 1. distance ____ 2. average velocity ____ 3. speed ____ 4. position ____ 5. displacement Classify each example as uniform velocity or non-uniform velocity. Answer choices may be used more than once. a. uniform velocity b. non-uniform velocity ____ 6. A truck travels down a straight freeway at a steady 90 km/h. ____ 7. An airplane flies in a straight path at a constant speed of 600 km/h. ____ 8. A horse gallops around a circular track at a constant speed of 48 km/h. ____ 9. A car travels on a twisty highway staying between 30 km/h and 55 km/h. Match the graph of each line to its slope. Answer choices may be used more than once. a. zero b. positive c. negative ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. Match each definition to the related term. Answer choices may be used only once. a. instantaneous velocity b. free fall c. terminal velocity d. kinematics f. distance g. direction h. scalar ____ 15. a change in an object’s location as measured by a particular observer ____ 16. the velocity of an object at a specific instant in time ____ 17. the line an object moves along from a particular starting point ____ 18. a quantity that has only magnitude ____ 19. the total length of the path travelled by an object in motion ____ 20. the velocity of an object when the force due to air resistance equals the force due to gravity on the object ____ 21. the acceleration due to gravity of an object in the absence of air resistance ____ 22. the study of motion e. motion

Short Answer 1. The introduction to this chapter included a discussion of advancements in the automobile industry. How does this relate to kinematics? 2. What activities do you participate in daily that are related to kinematics? 3. Create a position–time graph to represent the motion of a cheetah running in a straight line, in an eastward direction, at a constant velocity. 4. Create a position–time graph for the motion of a car that is parked to the west of a building. 5. Are you in support of speed limiters on transport trucks? Justify your answer. Include information related to kinematics in your justification. 6. In this chapter, you have learned about velocity–time graphs and acceleration–time graphs. What relationship, if any, exists between these two types of graphs? Does the relationship make sense to you? Explain. 7. Create a table to contrast vector and scalar quantities. Include a description and examples of each. 8. You walk a straight-line route from home to school. After school, you walk straight to the library. Use the figure shown here to determine your displacement. Show your work. 9. You are walking to the park with your friend, who lives up the street. First, you walk 400 m [N] to meet your friend. Then, you turn and walk in a straight path 900 m [S]. Draw a vector diagram and use it to determine your total displacement relative to your home. 10. A rabbit runs in a straight path for a distance of 22 m in 8 s. What is the rabbit’s average speed? Show your work and explain each step. 11. In this chapter, you explored the possibility of speed limiters being used for teen drivers. If a law were passed to make speed limiters mandatory on cars driven by teen drivers, what effect would this have on you personally? Would you be in favour of such a law? Explain. 12. A soccer ball rolls across the field in a straight path at a constant speed of 2.4 m/s. How far will the ball roll in 20.0 s? Show your work and explain each step. 13. What is the average velocity of a baseball that is hit and travels 90.0 m [W] in 2.3 s? Show your work and explain each step. 14. Explain why the value for acceleration near Earth’s surface is not always exactly 9.8 m/s 2 in real-life situations. 15. In this chapter, you learned about acceleration due to gravity. What was your understanding about gravity before reading about it in this chapter? How has your understanding of acceleration due to gravity changed? 16. In Section 1.5, you learned the five key equations of accelerated motion and how they can be used to solve kinematics questions. Was this idea difficult for you to understand? If so, what did you do to help you overcome your difficulty? If not, what was it about the idea that made it easy to understand? 17. Think of a career related to physics that interests you. What do you find interesting about this career? How would an understanding of kinematics be beneficial in the career you have selected?

18. Use the acceleration–time graph shown here to create a velocity–time graph for the same motion. Show your work and explain each step. 19. Describe in your own words what is meant by the term “terminal velocity.” 20. Compare the terms “average speed” and “average velocity.” 21. Compare the vector diagrams shown here to determine which shows a greater displacement. Explain how you know. (a) (b) 22. Which position–time graph shows an object moving with a greater velocity? Explain how you know. a) b) 23. Create a table that provides examples of objects in motion. Include columns for uniform and non-uniform velocity and check the appropriate columns for each example of motion. In the last column explain why you checked the corresponding velocity columns. 24. Create a diagram showing an acceleration–time graph, a velocity–time graph, and a position–time graph for an object with positive uniform acceleration. Indicate how each are related to each other. 25. Create a table listing the five key equations of accelerated motion. Include a column for the variables that are found in the equation and a column for the variables that are not found in the equation. 26. Sarah is working on her physics homework and makes the following analysis: “A student walks 50 m [E] of their house and then walks another 85 m [W]. The student has walked 50 m + 85 m = 135 m, so they must be a distance of 135 m from their house.” Is Sarah’s analysis correct? If so, explain. If not, identify and correct her mistake. What visual tools could she use to help her understand?

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27. (a) In your own words, explain the difference between average speed and average velocity. Provide an example that shows how they can be different. (b) How do instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity compare? Can they ever be different in magnitude? Explain. 28. Kristen is trying to determine the average velocity from the following position–time graph and makes the following analysis: “The ball starts at 10.0 m [E] and moves to 50.0 m [E], which is a change of 40.0 m [E]. The time goes from 0 to 12 s, so the average velocity should be m/s [E].” Is Kristen’s analysis correct? If so, explain. If not, identify and correct her mistake. 29. In your own words explain why you cannot divide one vector by another, but you can divide by a scalar. 30. Alan is working on the following physics problem: A boat is backing out of the docking area at a velocity of 2.0 m/s [E] and once it has more room it accelerates at a rate of 0.56 m/s 2 [W] for 15 s. Determine the final velocity of the boat. Alan makes the following calculations: . So the final velocity of the boat is . Did Alan solve the problem correctly? If so, explain. If not, identify and correct his mistake. 31. Create a table showing graphs of the four different kinds of position–time graphs of an object undergoing uniform acceleration. This should include all the possible combinations of positive or negative velocity and acceleration. Provide a column describing the type of motion and another column giving an example. 32. In your own words, explain how you can determine a velocity–time graph from a non–linear acceleration graph. 33. In your own words, explain the difference between instantaneous and average velocity. 34. Compare the following two velocity–time graphs. Which one has the faster acceleration? If both objects start at the origin, which one has the farthest displacement for the first 5 s? (a) 1 2 3 4 5 time (t) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Velocity (b) 1 2 3 4 5 time (t) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Velocity

35. In your own words explain what it means when a velocity-time graph crosses zero. Does this affect the acceleration at all? How does the position–time graph look at this point? Explain and provide an example. 36. Create a table showing four different types of position–time graphs that have a constant velocity. These should include both positive and negative velocities as well as the graph of an object with zero velocity starting in positive and negative positions. Include a column describing the type of motion and another that provides an example. 37. In this chapter you learned about acceleration and how this affects velocity and position. Was any of this material confusing to you? Does it make sense that an object can have a positive velocity and a negative acceleration? Explain. 38. In this chapter you learned about the acceleration due to gravity and free fall. What did you think about gravitational acceleration and free fall before reading this chapter? How has your understanding of gravitational acceleration and free fall changed?

PHYSICES 11 2010 QB CHAPTER 01 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: D 2. ANS: B 3. ANS: D 4. ANS: B 5. ANS: D 6. ANS: C 7. ANS: C 8. ANS: B 9. ANS: C 10. ANS: A 11. ANS: D 12. ANS: B 13. ANS: C 14. ANS: A 15. ANS: A 16. ANS: A 17. ANS: B 18. ANS: C 19. ANS: D 20. ANS: D 21. ANS: B 22. ANS: C 23. ANS: D 24. ANS: B 25. ANS: A 26. ANS: C 27. ANS: B 28. ANS: A 29. ANS: D 30. ANS: D 31. ANS: B 32. ANS: A 33. ANS: C 34. ANS: C 35. ANS: B 36. ANS: A 37. ANS: C 38. ANS: A 39. ANS: B 40. ANS: C 41. ANS: A 42. ANS: A 43. ANS: C 44. ANS: B 45. ANS: C MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. ANS: F, kinematics PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 2. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U MSC: Knowledge 3. ANS: F, Distance PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 4. ANS: F, Direction PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 5. ANS: F, Vector PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 6. ANS: F, scalar PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 7. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U MSC: Understanding 8. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 9. ANS: F, Displacement PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 10. ANS: F, vector scale diagram PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 11. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 12. ANS: F, speed PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.1 MSC: Knowledge

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13. ANS: F, velocity PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B3.1 MSC: Knowledge 14. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 15. ANS: F, steepness PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 16. ANS: F, scalar PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 17. ANS: F, vertical PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 18. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 19. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 20. ANS: F, uniform PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 21. ANS: F, vector PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 22. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 23. ANS: F, vertical PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 24. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 25. ANS: F, Instantaneous PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B3.1 MSC: Knowledge 26. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 27. ANS: F, gravity PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 28. ANS: F, Free fall PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 29. ANS: F, Terminal PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 30. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding

COMPLETION 1. ANS: Kinematics PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 2. ANS: Motion PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 3. ANS: scalar PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 4. ANS: vector PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 5. ANS: Distance PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 6. ANS: Direction PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 7. ANS: position PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge 8. ANS: Displacement PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 9. ANS: directed line segment PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 10. ANS: average speed PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B3.1 MSC: Knowledge 11. ANS: average velocity PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B3.1 MSC: Knowledge 12. ANS: slope PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 13. ANS: Rise PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 14. ANS: Run PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 15. ANS: Acceleration PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B3.2 MSC: Knowledge

MSC: Understanding 2. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 3. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 4. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 5. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 6. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Understanding 7. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Understanding 8. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Understanding 9. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Understanding 10. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Understanding 11. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Understanding 12. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Understanding 13. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Understanding 14. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Understanding 15. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 16. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 17. ANS: G PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 18. ANS: H PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 19. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 20. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: K/U MATCHING 1. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2

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OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 21. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge 22. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.1 MSC: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 1. ANS: Kinematics is the study of motion. Engineers in the automobile industry strive to manufacture automobiles that move faster and more efficiently. The study of motion provides these engineers with the knowledge they need to move cars at speeds previously unimaginable and to produce cars that lessen the impact of automobiles on the environment. A thorough understanding of kinematics allows for a more efficient use of motion. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: Chapter 1 Introduction LOC: B1.1 MSC: Analysis and Application 2. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: Any daily activity that involves motion is related to kinematics, which is the study of motion. Driving to school, running on the track and field team, and walking my dog are all examples of activities related to kinematics. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B1.2 MSC: Analysis and Application 3. ANS: PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Analysis and Application 4. ANS: PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity

LOC: B2.2 MSC: Analysis and Application 5. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: I am in support of speed limiters on transport trucks. It has been shown that driving at a reduced speed improves the fuel-efficiency of vehicles. This was determined through a knowledge of kinematics, the study of motion. When automobiles move at a lower velocity, their fuel- efficiency increases. It is better for the environment for cars to be driven at a reduced speed. If automobiles that travel long distances, such as transport trucks, were made to reduce their speed, this would have a positive impact on our environment. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.7 Explore an Issue in Vehicle Safety LOC: B1.2 MSC: Evaluation 6. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: By reading this chapter, I learned that a velocity–time graph is a graph describing the motion of an object, with velocity on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. An acceleration–time graph is a graph that also describes the motion of an object, with acceleration on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. The acceleration of an object can be found by determining the slope of a velocity-time graph, and the velocity of an object can be found by finding the area under an acceleration–time graph. After studying this chapter, the relationship between these two types of graphs makes sense to me, because, the same information can be derived in a different way from each type of graph. In this way, one type of graph can be used to create the other type of graph. PTS: 1 OBJ: 1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion LOC: B2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 7. ANS: Type of Quantity Description Examples scalar has only magnitude (size) distance, speed, time, density, mass vector has both magnitude (size) and direction position, displacement, velocity, force, momentum, acceleration PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Understanding 8. ANS: The total displacement is the displacement from home to the library: 1200 m [E]. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.5 MSC: Analysis and Application 9. ANS:

Given: = 400 m [N]; = 900 m [S] Required: Analysis: Solution: Statement: The total displacement is 500 m [S]. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.5 MSC: Analysis and Application 10. ANS: Given: = 22 m; = 8 s Required: Analysis: Solution: Statement: The average speed of the rabbit is 3 m/s. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.7 MSC: Analysis and Application 11. ANS:

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Answers may vary. Sample answer: As a teen driver, I would be affected by the passage of a law to make speed limiters mandatory in cars driven by teens. Speed limiters do not allow an automobile to exceed a particular speed. I would not be in favour of the passage of such a law. I feel that this would make automobiles less safe for teen drivers, as they would not be able to speed up at a time when speeding up is necessary to avoid a collision. I believe there are other ways to enforce speed limits, such as the use of radar guns to monitor driving speed, that are safer than the use of speed limiters. PTS: 1 OBJ: 1.7 Explore an Issue in Vehicle Safety LOC: B1.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 12. ANS: Given: = 2.4 m/s; = 20.0 s Required: Analysis: Solution: Statement: The ball will roll 48 m in 20.0 s at the given average speed. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.7 MSC: Analysis and Application 13. ANS: Given: = 90.0 m [W]; = 2.3 s Required: Analysis: Solution: Statement: The average velocity of the baseball is 39 m/s [W]. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.7 MSC: Analysis and Application 14. ANS: In real-life situations, the value for acceleration near Earth’s surface will vary due to air resistance. In real-life there will always be at least some air resistance. The measure, 9.8 m/s 2 is only applicable when an object is dropped in a vacuum, where there is no air resistance or other force affecting the motion of the object other than gravity. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B3.3 MSC: Evaluation 15. ANS:

Answers may vary. Sample answer: In this chapter, acceleration due to gravity is defined as the acceleration that occurs when an object is allowed to fall freely. Prior to reading this chapter, I knew that gravity had an effect on falling objects, but I did not know the value of this effect or exactly how falling objects were affected by gravity. By reading this chapter, I discovered that close to Earth’s surface, the value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2 . I also learned that this varies in different locations on Earth due to their elevation. I also learned that this difference varies the results of some activities performed at different locations on Earth, such as track and field events being easier in locations where the acceleration due to gravity is lower. PTS: 1 OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B3.3 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 16. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: I did find the section of this chapter about the five key equations of accelerated motion to be difficult to understand. When I initially read this section, I did not particularly understand how the equations had been derived or how you were to choose which equation could be used to answer which type of kinematics questions. After rereading the section, however, and studying the steps shown to derive some of the equations, this concept became more clear. I overcame my difficulty with choosing the correct equation to solve a problem, by listing the information given in the problem and then selecting an equation that makes use of the given values. PTS: 1 OBJ: 1.5 Five Key Equations for Motion with Uniform Acceleration LOC: B2.3 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 17. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: A career related to physics that is of interest to me is robotics engineering. I believe there are many beneficial uses of robotics, such as medical technologies and improvement in the efficiency of industrial processes. Therefore, I would find this to be a rewarding career. Kinematics is the study of motion, and a thorough understanding of motion would be essential in the field of robotics. Learning about the way things move is key to improving robotic technologies and making them more practical and useful. PTS: 1 OBJ: What Effects Do Moving Objects Have on Society and the Environment? LOC: B1.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 18. ANS: Calculate the area under the graph for several time points. Since the line is horizontal, use the formula for the area of a rectangle. The area under the graph is equivalent to the velocity at that time. Time t (s) Acceleration (m/s 2 [W]) Equation = Velocity (m/s [W]) 0 2.6 = 0 1.0 2.6 = 2.6 2.0 2.6 = 5.2 3.0 2.6 = 7.8 4.0 2.6 = 10

5.0 2.6 = 13 Plot the data to create a velocity–time graph. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion LOC: B2.2 MSC: Analysis and Application 19. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: When the air resistance on an object is equal to the force due to gravity acting on the same object, acceleration stops completely and the velocity of the object remains constant. This velocity is referred to as terminal velocity. PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B3.3 MSC: Understanding 20. ANS: Average speed refers to the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken to travel that distance. Average velocity is the total displacement, or change in position, divided by the total time for that displacement. Since average speed involves distance, which is a scalar quantity, average speed is also a scalar quantity. Average velocity, however, involves displacement rather than distance. Displacement has both direction and magnitude; therefore it is a vector quantity. Average velocity is then, also, a vector quantity. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Understanding 21. ANS:

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Vector diagram a shows a greater displacement. To calculate total displacement, we need to add the two displacement vectors. Since the two vectors have different directions, we must transform the problem so that both vectors point in the same direction. To do this, consider the direction [N] to be the same as “negative” [S]. (a) Given: = 400 m [N]; = 900 m [S] Required: Analysis: Solution: Statement: The total displacement is 500 m [S]. (b) Given: = 800 m [N]; = 1200 m [S] Required: Analysis: Solution: Statement: The total displacement is 400 m [S]. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B2.6 MSC: Evaluation 22. ANS: Figure b shows an object moving with a greater velocity. The slope of figure b is steeper than the slope of figure a, and the velocity of an object is represented by the slope of a position–time graph. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Evaluation 23. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: Example Uniform velocity Non-uniform velocity Explanation A car travels down a straight highway at a steady 100 km/h. Ö The car is travelling at a constant speed in a straight line. A passenger on an amusement park ride Ö The passenger is travelling at a constant speed but not in a

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travels in a circle at a constant speed of 1 .2 m/s. straight line. She is travelling in a circle. A parachutist jumps out of an aircraft. Ö (after parachute opens) Ö (before parachute opens) Before he opens the parachute, the speed of the parachutist will increase due to gravity. Once the parachute is opened, his speed will become constant due to air resistance. He will then fall at a constant speed in the same direction [downward]. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.4 MSC: Analysis and Application 24. ANS: PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion LOC: B2.4 MSC: Evaluation 25. ANS: Equation Variables found in equation Variables not in equation Equation 1 Equation 2 Equation 3 Equation 4 Equation 5 PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.5 Five Key Equations for Motion with Uniform Acceleration LOC: B2.1 MSC: Evaluation 26. ANS: No, Sarah’s analysis is not correct. She is confusing displacement with the total distance travelled by the student, and not taking the direction the student walks into account. If we convert both distances to an eastward direction the student walks . In order to visualize this Sarah could draw a vector scale diagram and plot both vectors.

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PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement LOC: B3.2 MSC: Evaluation 27. ANS: (a) Answers may vary. Sample answer: Average speed is the total distance divided by the time. This is a directionless quantity and is a scalar, while the average velocity is the displacement divided by the time. Average velocity depends on direction and is a vector. For example, a person runs 20.0 m [E] and then 10.0 m [W] and that the whole trip takes 4.0 s. The average speed is: . However the average velocity is: . (b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: The instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity are always the same value in magnitude. It would not make any sense for an object to be travelling with a specific velocity at a given instant but also have a different instantaneous speed. Since instantaneous values deal with a specific instance in time there cannot be any direction changes, which is what causes the values for average velocity and average speed to be different. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B3.2 MSC: Evaluation 28. ANS: No, Kristen’s analysis is not correct. She did not calculate the slope correctly. She calculated the change in position and change in time correctly, but then used run over rise instead of rise over run. The correct answer should be PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B3.2 MSC: Evaluation 29. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: You cannot divide two vectors because they may have different directions. It doesn’t make sense to divide one direction by another. However, if the vectors point in the same direction you can disregard the direction and divide one magnitude by the other. All vectors can be divided by a scalar because scalars are dimensionless. Multiplying or dividing by a scalar will not have any effect on the direction of the vector and will only change the size of its magnitude. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.1 MSC: Evaluation 30. ANS: No, Alan did not do the problem correctly. He forgot to take into account the direction of the acceleration of the boat. The initial velocity is eastward but the acceleration is westward. Since the final velocity will be westward he should convert all velocities to a westward value and then perform similar calculations: PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.5 MSC: Evaluation 31. ANS: Answers may vary. Possible answer:

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Position–time graph Type of motion Example The graph is a curve so the slope is changing and the velocity is not constant. On this graph the slope is positive and increasing so the velocity is positive and the acceleration is positive. a skier skiing downhill in a positive (rightward) direction The graph is a curve so the slope is changing and the velocity is not constant. On this graph the slope is negative and decreasing so the velocity is negative and the acceleration is negative. a skier skiing downhill in a negative (leftward) direction The graph is a curve so the slope is changing and the velocity is not constant. On this graph the slope is positive and decreasing so the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative. a ball rolling uphill to the right The graph is a curve so the slope is changing and the velocity is not constant. On this graph the slope is negative and increasing so the velocity is negative and the acceleration is positive. a ball rolling uphill to the right PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.2 MSC: Analysis and Application 32. ANS:

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Answers may vary. Sample answer: The velocity–time graph can be determined from an acceleration–time graph by finding the area under the curve for acceleration and adjusting the height of the velocity graph by the initial velocity. This is true whether or not the acceleration-time graph is linear or not. So, in order to determine the velocity at given time intervals you would have to calculate the area under the acceleration– time graph at those times and record them in a table. From the table you should be able to draw a reasonable velocity–time graph. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.2 MSC: Evaluation 33. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: Average velocity measures the change in displacement over a given length of time. So, an object may end up travelling in one direction, and then turn and travel a different direction, but the average velocity of the object is the resulting displacement divided by the total time for the whole trip. Instantaneous velocity, on the other hand only measures the velocity of an object at a particular instance in time. What the object does before and after this instance does not matter. What matters is the speed and direction at that given moment. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B3.1 MSC: Understanding 34. ANS: The slope of graph (a) is 3 and the slope of graph (b) is 4, so the object in graph (b) has a faster acceleration. The displacement in the first 5 s for graph (a) is: The displacement for the first 5 s for graph (b) is: Both objects have the same displacement over the first 5 s. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion LOC: B2.2 MSC: Evaluation 35. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: When a velocity-time graph crosses zero it means that the object has been travelling in one direction, stops and then turns around in the opposite direction. This affect the acceleration. The velocity of an object may initially be positive, but be experiencing a negative acceleration causing it to slow down, stop, and change directions. At this point in time on the position-time graph, there should be a maximum or a minimum, since the slope of the graph should change from positive to negative or vice versa. An example of this would be a bungee jumper. They have an initial negative velocity, but the bungee provides an upward acceleration. Eventually they will reach the lowest point of their travel, a minimum on the position graph, and change direction travelling upward. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion LOC: B2.2 MSC: Evaluation 36. ANS: Position–time graph Type of motion Example

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The graph is a horizontal straight line, so the velocity is zero. The graph is positive, so the position of the object is east of the reference point. a ball sitting east of a person The graph is a horizontal straight line, so the velocity is zero. The graph is negative, so the position of the object is west of the reference point. ball sitting west of a person The graph is a straight line with positive slope so the velocity is constant and positive. The velocity can be determined by the slope of the graph. a person biking east The graph is a straight line with negative slope so the velocity is constant and negative. The velocity can be determined by the slope of the graph. a person biking west PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 1.2 Speed and Velocity LOC: B2.2 MSC: Analysis and Application 37. ANS: Answers may vary. Sample answer: Yes, this material was a bit confusing when I first learned about it. I was comfortable with velocity and position, but hadn’t thought too much about acceleration. After I thought about it and looked at the different graphs it began to make sense. Acceleration is just the rate of change of velocity. The velocity of an object can be positive, but yet the velocity is decreasing, so there is a negative change in velocity and the acceleration is negative. This is what happens when the driver of a car presses the brakes. PTS: 1 OBJ: 1.3 Acceleration LOC: B2.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 38. ANS:

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Answers may vary. Sample answer: Before reading this chapter I did not know much about the values for gravity. I knew gravity is why things fall back to Earth and why Earth revolves around the Sun, but I would not have been able to solve any problems. After reading this chapter I realized that the acceleration of gravity is for the most part constant and only varies slightly depending on your location and height. I now know how to solve problems of height and velocity under the acceleration of Earth’s gravity. PTS: 1 OBJ: 1.6 Acceleration Near Earth's Surface LOC: B3.3 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning

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