Week 2 Lab Waves

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Feb 20, 2024

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Week 2 Lab: Waves Jaden Knodel April 6, 2022 INTRODUCTION Waves In our lectures we have been discussing waves and properties of waves. In this computer- based lab, you will get to experiment with waves and see how changing factors such as frequency, amplitude and tension changes a wave. MATERIALS 1. Computer with access to the site http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-on-a-string/latest/wave-on-a-string_en.html WAVES PRE-LAB QUESTIONS Define the following terms (as they relate to waves): 1. Frequency – Frequency, as it relates to waves, is the number of crests that pass a particular point per unit time. 2. Amplitude – Amplitude refers to the distance from the midpoint to the crest of the wave. So, the amplitude equals the maximum displacement from equilibrium. 3. Wavelength – The wavelength of a wave is the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next crest. 4. Period – The period of a wave is the time required for one complete cycle, equal to 1/frequency. 5. Hertz - The unit of measurement for frequency, abbreviated as Hz. One hertz is one vibration per second. EXPERIMENT: EXPLORING THE WAVE SIMULATOR 1. Open up the Waves on a String simulator http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-on-a- string/latest/wave-on-a-string_en.html 2. With the Oscillate button on and with No End checked, investigate waves more carefully using the Amplitude slider . Explain how the wave behaves as the Amplitude changes. At zero amplitude, the string is at equilibrium, or basically flat. As the amplitude increases, the crest gets higher, and the trough gets lower. The crest and trough will always be the same distance from equilibrium. This wave is also periodic, not a pulse. The velocity of the wave is also the same no matter what the amplitude may be. 3. Now change tension and explain how the wave changes. When increasing tension, the velocity/frequency is increased while decreasing the

Week 2 Lab: Waves Jaden Knodel April 6, 2022 tension decreases the velocity. With low tension, the wavelength doesn't change. Also, low tension decreases the wavelength and period. 4. Next change frequency and explain how the wave changes. When the frequency is increased the velocity is increased and the wavelength decreases. When frequency is decreased the velocity decreases and the wavelength is increased. Also, increasing frequency decreases its time/period 5. Now with the Oscillate button on and with Fixed End checked, investigate how the waves behave. Summarize how these waves are different from no end waves With fixed ends, waves begin to repel back to the left side. The wavelengths are hard to calculate especially at the fixed end making them inconsistent. The waves moving towards the fixed end seem to invert on themselves. These waves are different from no end waves in the fact that the energy in fixed end waves have nowhere to go except into the pole or back into the wave while no end waves the energy simply escapes at the end. EXPERIMENT: CALCULATIONS USING THE WAVE SIMULATOR At the top of the simulator, select oscillate and fixed end. On the lower right hand side of the simulator, check the boxes for ruler and timer. 1. Select a frequency of 1.50 Hz. Remembering that the period is the time to complete one vibration. Use the timer function to determine the period of the wave (as best as you can – it’s okay if you are not exact! There is also a slow motion button just above the frequency slider that may help ). Period = 0.66 seconds

Week 2 Lab: Waves Jaden Knodel April 6, 2022 2. Now that you know the period, you can determine the frequency using the formula Frequency = 1 / period. Determine the frequency: Frequency = 1.51 3. How close was your calculated frequency to the frequency of 1.50 Hz that you selected? My calculation was off by 0.01 so it was pretty close. 4. Now change the frequency to 0.5. Use the timer to determine the period. Period = 1.99 seconds 5. How did the period change when you decreased the frequency? The period increased when I decreased the frequency. 6. Next we are going to calculate the wave speed using the formula wave speed = frequency x wavelength. Set the frequency to 1.5 Hz and measure the wavelength using the rule on the screen. If will probably help a lot to pause the wave using the pause button. Calculate the wave speed. Wave Speed = 2.67sec/cm 7. Next calculate the period using the formula period = wavelength / wave speed. Remember you just calculate wavelength and wave speed in question 6. Period = 1.49 seconds 8. You calculated the period for a frequency of 1.50 Hz two different ways in step 1 and in step 7. How did your values compare? Both values were off by 0.01 but the first calculation was high by 0.01 while the second was low by 0.01 Which do you think was more accurate? Both were off by the same values, but I would say the second calculation was more accurate as it involved more data. SUMMARY Summarize what you learned about wave properties using the wave simulator. What I learned about wave properties by using the wave simulator is that frequency, tension, amplitude, fixed ends and no ends all have a direct involvement with waves. For instance, low tension on waves makes more waves with each wave having the same wavelength while high tension there is not as many waves with each wave having different wavelengths. Another thing is frequency, frequency dictates how fast a wave will go, the more frequency the faster the wave but the shorter the wavelength. Amplitude is how high the waves will go, with zero amplitude being no waves at all. The ends of a wave also determine where the energy will go or do. No ends allow the energy to simply keep going while fixed ends repel the energy back and waves seem to invert on themselves. The physics behind waves are interesting to say the least and have allowed for some pretty interesting technology too.

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