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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: Practice Test 1 1. Newton’s first law says that a. an object that is not moving will _____stay at rest_______ AND b. an object that is moving will ______stay in motion__________ UNLESS c. __a force__ acts on that object. 2. What is inertia? An object’s resistance to change 3. What quantity do we use to measure an object’s inertia? Mass 4. Which has more inertia? a. Bowling ball or Tennis ball b. Hammer or Feather 1

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 5. If someone is late in the morning and you seem them zipping around the PFW roundabout (turning left to stay in the roundabout), which way does their body go and why? Their body goes to the right because their body still wants to move forward. 6. Newton’s second law says that when a _equal_ force is applied to a _object_, it causes it to _accelerate_. 7. The greater the force that is applied to an object the _greater_ the acceleration. 8. The smaller the force that is applied, the _smaller_ the acceleration. 9. If the same force is applied to an object with a larger mass it will have a _lesser_ acceleration. 10. If the same force is applied to an object with a smaller mass, it will have a _greater_ acceleration. 11.CIRCLE which will experience a larger acceleration if the same force is applied 2

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: a. Earth or bowling ball b. Moon or Sun c. 400 lb lineman or 100 lb cheerleader d. Mack truck or Volkswagen beetle 12.Newton’s third law states that every time one object applies a __force__ second object, the second object applies a __force__ that is __equal in__ size but __opposite in__ direction. 13.Newton’s third law states that forces must ALWAYS occur in ___pairs___ 14.For each scenario below, identify the second force at play. a. If someone is dancing on top of their barstool, their feet are pushing down on the barstool. The second force is: The barstool pushing up on the dancer. b. Indiana Jones tells the driver to step on it. The taxi driver uses his foot to push the pedal. The second force is: The pedal pushing back on the taxi drivers foot c. Your finger presses on your phone screen while sending a snap. The second force is: The phone presses back on my finger. 3

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 15.Write an expression for centripetal acceleration. The acceleration an object experiences when traveling in a circular path. 16.As the radius of the circle increases, the centripetal acceleration _increases_ 17. If the radius of a circle becomes three times larger and an object maintains its orbital velocity, what (quantitatively) happens to the object’s orbital period? The orbital period should increase by a factor of 3. 18. The factors that affect gravitational attraction are ____mass____ and __distance___ 19. At the end of the Apollo 15 moon walk, Commander David Scott dropped a hammer and a feather on the Moon. What happened? (Circle one). a. The hammer hit the Moon first because it has more inertia. b. The feather hit the Moon first because it corkscrewed through the Moon’s exosphere. c. The hammer and the feather hit the surface of the Moon at the same time. 4

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 20. Use Newton’s 2 nd law to explain your answer in #19. Gravity had the same on both the hammer and the feather so they both hit the moon at the same time. 21. True or False: Your mass would be the same on the Moon as it is on the Earth. Explain your answer in complete sentences. False because earth’s gravity is different than it is on the moon. This means that since earth is larger than the moon, it has a higher gravitational pull on me than the moon does, making me weight more on Earth. 22-31. Suppose you (a space cadet) go on an interstellar journey. The commander ensures you strictly adhere to a diet and exercise regimen so you’re fit as a fiddle (and your mass stays fixed). You weigh yourself on the surface of Earth, Mars, and an exoplanet (which we’ll call Bob). Note that Mars is ten times less massive than the Earth. Weight is directly proportional to a person’s mass. Also, Weight is directly proportional to a planet’s mass. The exoplanet (Bob) has a stable, nearly perfectly circular orbit around the star Vega. The exoplanet (Bob) has the same mass as Earth. The semi-major axis of Bob’s orbital motion around Vega is EQUAL to the semi-major axis of Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun. Vega is about 5

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: twice as massive as the Sun. Students were asked various questions related to this scenario, with answers shown below. If an answer is fully correct, circle it. If an answer is partially correct, cross out the incorrect part, and insert your correction below. If a response is fully incorrect, cross it out. For answers that are partially correct, assign a grade (out of 100%) based on how correct they were overall and how heinous their incorrect answer was. Explain the grade you assign. 22.Your weight is greatest on Mars: since Mars has a lower mass it feels the acceleration that you exert on it more strongly and by Newton’s third law you push back on Mars’ surface even stronger back. 23.Your weight is least on the exoplanet. Gravity is inversely proportional to the distance squared. Vega is very far from the Sun so the force due to gravity on the surface of the planet due to the Sun would be tiny. Therefore, the exoplanet would be free-falling and you’d be totally weightless. You’d have to use a tether to stay on the surface of the exoplanet, like astronauts do on space walks. 6

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 24.Your weight would be equal on Mars and the exoplanet, because the acceleration due to gravity is always 9.8 m/s 2 . 25.Your weight would be equal on the exoplanet and Earth becau 100% fantastic job! 26.Your weight would be ten times higher on Mars because Mars has a mass ten times lower than Earth. Acceleration due to gravity is directly proportional to the mass, so as the mass decreases the acceleration due to gravity also decreases. Good in the second half of the response, but in the first half you would actually be 10 times lighter on Mars because its mass is ten times lower on earth. Remember the bigger the object, the bigger the gravitational pull! 50% 27.The period of the exoplanet (Bob) would be longer than Earth’s period because the exoplanet is farther from the Sun, and Kepler’s third law only applies to the Sun. 7

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 28.The orbit of the exoplanet (Bob) is not perfectly circular because it has a hyperbolic orbit. I mean, Bob is sometimes slightly closer to Vega and sometimes slightly farther. So if I stayed on Bob for one full Earth year I’d experience Bob going around Vega one full orbit. Bob would be heated by Vega more when it’s closer and less when Bob is farther from Vega. We experience winter when Earth is farthest from the Sun so I bet the same would apply on Bob. 29.Bob wouldn’t have seasons. Bob would be even colder than Pluto because Bob is so far from the Sun. 50%  Bob would be hotter than Pluto, it orbits Vega which is a hot blue star. 30.We have no idea if Bob would have seasons or not because we don’t know if Bob has an axial tilt with respect to it’s orbital motion around Vega. If Bob had the same 23.5 degree axial tilt of Earth then I’d expect Bob to have seasons similar to those on Earth. It’d be summer when Bob’s northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, and it’d be winter when Bob’s northern hemisphere is tilted away from Vega. However, Bob would be generally hotter since Vega is not just more massive, it’s also hotter (which I learned last year in ASTR 105). Flying colors! 1000% 8

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 31.Bob would have a faster orbital speed because Bob would have a larger centripetal acceleration because Vega is more massive. True – 100% 32. If the orbital period increases, but the orbital radius stays the same, the orbital velocity must have __ increased ___. 33. Azimuth is defined as how many degrees (circle one) a. above the horizon an object is. b. how many degrees east of north the object is. c. westward the object is from the Sun on the Vernal Equinox. d. (all of the above). e. (none of the above). You enroll in the Space Force and for a training exercise they suppose your spaceship crash lands at a random location. Your radio dies but you hear the 9

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: commander yelling to meet friendlies along the equator due south of you. You look up and see Polaris 25 degrees above the horizon. 34.You should walk ___ North toward __ Polaris to reach the equator. 35. Your current latitude is _ 25 ___. 36.How does the energy from fusion get out of the Sun? The photons take years to get out of the sun. 37. How do we know (three ways) what is happening inside the Sun? Solar seismology, neutrinos, and , helioseismology. 38.How does nuclear fusion occur in the Sun? Helium particles hit each other at high speeds and produce energy in the form of light. 39.What would happen inside the Sun if a slight decrease in core temperature led to a rapid drop in fusion energy? A. Life on Earth would end as we know it. B. The Sun would collapse to form a white dwarf. C. The core would expand and heat up slightly. D. The core would contract and heat up slightly. 10

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: Label the following features of the Sun in the figure above. 40. Solar wind 41. Sunspots 42. Radiation zone 43. Corona 44. Core 45. Convection zone 46. Photosphere 47. Chromosphere 48.Why does the Sun shine? Name three ideas and explain why two of them are deemed implausible. The light created from fusion energy. 46 11

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 49. Are sunspots more likely to appear in areas where the magnetic field is strongly polarized, or where it is polarized over a wide area? How can you tell? They form where the magnetic field is strongly polarized. This is because when a strong magnetic field polarizes it creates a darker sunspot. 50. How do sunspots correlate (if at all) with magnetic field strength? The stronger the magnetic field the darker the sunspot and vise versa. 51.How can sunspots be so hot yet still appear dark? It’s because they are cooler than the surrounding area. 52. Two craters are observed on the Moon. One has a diameter of one meter while another has a diameter of one kilometer. Choose the best answer. A. We cannot know anything about what caused these craters since we didn’t see it happen. B. The kinetic energy was larger for the impactor creating the one kilometer diameter crater. C. The one kilometer crater was due to a crater falling straight down to the Moon whereas the one meter crater is smaller due to an oblique angle. D. The mass must have been larger of the one meter impactor than for the one kilometer impactor. 53.If the mass of an asteroid is doubled the kinetic energy a. increases by a factor of two b. increases by a factor of four 12

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: c. decreases by a factor of four d. decreases by a factor of two 54.If the mass of a comet is doubled the kinetic energy a. increases by a factor of two b. increases by a factor of four c. decreases by a factor of four d. decreases by a factor of two 55.If the velocity of a comet is doubled the kinetic energy a. increases by a factor of two b. increases by a factor of four c. decreases by a factor of four d. decreases by a factor of two 56. Which Galilean moon has the oldest surface terrain? Youngest surface terrain? Does this tell us anything about which Moon formed earlier or later? Callisto has the oldest surface terrain because of the amount of impact craters on its surface. 57. All of these are due to the greenhouse effect EXCEPT a. Winter days up north tend to be warmer when it is cloudy because the clouds trap infrared radiation, acting like a blanket. b. Cars in California can get hot enough in the summer that the dashboard melts. As a result, it is crucial to place a reflector covering the windshield to keep sunlight out. c. It is hottest in the summer because gardeners are busy watering greenhouses. As a result, the greenhouse door is open letting them heat up the rest of the Earth. 58. All of the following indicate Earth is a geologically active planet EXCEPT 13

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: a. Subduction and rift zones. b. Mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes. c. Continental plates and Earth’s magnetosphere. d. The greenhouse effect. 59. Draw a model of the Earth and label the layers of the Earth. 60.What are the two places in the Solar System comets come from? What distinguishes these two populations of comets? 61.Name at least three dwarf planets in our Solar System. Pluto, Eris, Ceres 62.(Extra credit): derive Newton’s version of Kepler’s Third Law. 63.What is the Oort cloud? What is the Kuiper Belt? What is the Asteroid Belt? The Kuiper belt is a region of space just beyond Neptune which contains small 64.What are the three criteria according to the IAU for an object to be considered a planet? 1. Must orbit a star 2. Must be spherical 3. Must have cleared it’s orbit of debris 14

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 65.If we orbited a star twice as massive as the Sun, how would the Earth’s orbital period change? a. No effect. b. Massive unknown effect. c. The period would double. d. The period would halve. 66.If the Earth orbited the Sun twice as far away, what would happen? a. Nothing. b. Not nothing but not something neither. c. It would take Earth longer than 365 days to orbit the Sun. d. It would take Earth shorter than 365 days to orbit the Sun. 67.If the Earth orbited the Sun twice as close, what would happen? a. The Earth’s orbital velocity would increase. b. The Earth’s orbital velocity would decrease. c. The Earth would expand to the size of Jupiter. d. The Earth would shrink to the size of Mercury. 68.The Gravitron at amusement parks is an example of which kind of force? a. A Copernican force. b. A Keplerian force. c. A centripetal force. d. A confusing force. 69. We don’t float into space because the force from the Earth on our bodies is much stronger than the force from our bodies on Earth a. True b. False 70. If the Earth was twice as massive, the gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth would: a. Not change, since the Sun didn’t change. 15

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: b. Double. c. Halve. d. All in. 71.If the Moon was twice as far away from Earth the gravitational force by the Moon on Earth would: a. Not change, since the masses stayed the same. b. Increase by two times. c. Decrease by two times. d. Increase by four times. e. Decrease by four times. 72.What are Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion? Diagrams may help to explain. 73.What three key objections were raised against the Copernican model? How did Galileo solidify the Copernican revolution and help to overcome those objections? 16

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 74.Which phases of Venus are visible in the Ptolemaic model? Which phases of Venus are visible in the Copernican model? Cresent, half, and gibbous phases of venus 75.How is modern science rooted in ancient astronomy? Give at least one example Early astronomers laid the foundation for the scientific method. For example, the Mayans observing the moon and stars to plan for agriculture. 76.How did Ptolemy explain retrograde motion? How does the Copernican model explain retrograde motion? Explain BOTH in words and with diagrams. Ptolemy explained that the planets orbit in epicycles and the Copernican model placed the sun at the center of the solar system. 77.What is an epicycle? 17

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: A small circle that moves along the circumference of a larger circle. 78.What is stellar parallax? The apparent change in a stellar object’s position based on different viewpoints. 79.If a star is more distant it is A. Easier to observe its parallax. B. Harder to observe its parallax. C. No change to the parallax. 80.Which of the following is NOT a fundamental difference between the geocentric and Sun-centered models of the solar system? a. Earth is stationary in the geocentric model but moves around Sun in Sun-centered model. b. Retrograde motion is real (planets really go backward) in geocentric model but only apparent (planets don't really turn around) in Sun-centered model. c. Stellar parallax is expected in the Sun-centered model but not in the Earth-centered model. d. The geocentric model is useless for predicting planetary positions in the sky, while even the earliest Sun- centered models worked almost perfectly. 81.How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler challenge the Earth-centered model? (1-3 sentences each) 18

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 82.It’s 9am and the Moon is just rising above the horizon. What phase is the Moon? a. First Quarter b. Last Quarter c. New Moon d. Full Venus 83.Draw the phases of the Moon, shading the side that is NOT illuminated by the Sun. Include waning/waxing for your labels of the phases. 19

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 84.What two conditions must be met for an eclipse to occur? 85. From Fort Wayne (if it clear) we will be able to observe a _______ eclipse on Saturday October 14 th and a __________ eclipse on April 8, 2024. a. partial solar, total lunar b. partial lunar, total solar c. partial solar, total solar d. annular solar, annular lunar 86.Why do we see the phases of the Moon? a. Half the Moon is lit by the Sun; half is in shadow, and its appearance to us is determined by the relative positions of Sun, Moon, and Earth. b. Half the Moon is made of black obsidian and half is made of white obsidian; we see phases depending on which side of the Moon faces the Earth. c. The Earth casts a shadow on the Moon some of the time, blocking part of the Moon from view. 20

Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: d. The Moon casts a shadow on the Earth, so we can only see the cape of the Moon. 87.How often do eclipse occur each year? a. Once b. Twice c. Less than once d. Every month 88.Why does the Earth experience seasons? 89.The Earth is closest to the Sun during the June equinox. a. True b. False 90.Describe the Sun’s path through the sky for the summer solstice, winter solstice, and the equinoxes. Include a diagram. 21

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 91.What does the path of the Sun look like during the summer solstice on the Arctic circle? 92.What lunar phase do solar and lunar eclipses occur on respectively? Name the types of lunar eclipses. Name the types of solar eclipses. Indicate where the Earth, Moon, and Sun are located with respect to umbra and penumbra in each case. 22

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 93.Who fired the first shot? How do you know? 23

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 94.What are the five steps of the scientific method (according to this class)? 95.Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory. 96.The brightest stars in a constellation a. all belong to the same star cluster. b. all lie at about the same distance from Earth. c. may actually be quite far away from each other. 97. Define the following: ecliptic, altitude, azimuth, meridian, zenith, horizon. Label each on a celestial hemisphere. 98. Name three ways to estimate angles on the sky and using your hand. 24

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Fall 2023 ASTR 100 – The Solar System Name: 99.In the northern hemisphere, which star do all other stars appear to circle around? What is the name for this motion? 100. Why doesn’t distance matter for the seasons experienced on Earth? 101. Right ascension and declination are respectively most similar to a. Latitude and longitude b. Longitude and latitude c. Celestial Sun and nightly noon d. Equator and ecliptic 25

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