Module 6 - Experiment Report

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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University *

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Physics

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Nov 24, 2024

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Page | 1 Waves and Sound Report Name: Neo Chin Hoe Perry Title: Waves and Sound Experiment Hypothesis: Part 1: If the distance and time of a wave is known, then the speed of a wave can be determined. Part 2: If a wave is produced, then the medium of the wave moves along with it. Part 3: If a wave is reflected, then the resultant wave should be the same. Overview: Part 1: In this experiment, we are trying to determine if the speed of a wave can be determined using the distance and time of each wave and compare it to using the equation Speed = Wavelength X Frequency. Part 2: In this experiment, we are trying to determine what moves a wave from the source onwards. Procedure: See Experiment Instructions Part 1 The first method we will test for measuring the speed of the wave is speed = distance/time, i.e., v = d/t. Using the simulation, we set the peak of the wave to reach the 0 mark on the horizontal ruler. We set the amplitude of the wave to be 0.90 cm and advance the simulation step by step till it reaches the peak. For this simulation, we set the damping to none to prevent the wave from losing its strength over time. The tension shall be set to high. Using the single step function, we advance the wave while timing it till the peak of the wave reaches 3cm. Divide the distance traveled (3cm) by the time shown on the timer and record the result as the speed of the wave. The second method we will test for measuring the speed of the wave is fundamental

Page | 2 wave equation, frequency x wavelength = speed, i.e., fλ=v. Move the ruler so that you can measure the separation between two wave peaks (in cm). That will be the wavelength. Read the frequency from the frequency meter in the wide green box. Multiply the wavelength and frequency to calculate the speed. Part 2 To test this, we set the rulers next to the green bead and let the simulation run at slow motion. Part 3 To test this, we set the end to be a fixed point and the generator to be pulse. We then pulse a wave and observe the motion of the wave and its reflection. To simulate real life conditions, we turned on damping to the lowest settings. Results: Part 1 Method 1: speed = distance/time From the simulation, we recorded that the peak of the wave moved 3cm in 460 milliseconds. From this, we get the speed of 0.0652 m/s.

Page | 3 Method 2: speed = frequency x wavelength From the simulation, we recorded the distance between the 2 wave peaks to be 4.2 cm, and the frequency to be 1.5 Hz. From this, we get the speed of 0.0630 m/s. Part 2 From what we see from the simulation, the green bead moves only up and down, while the wave crest moves to the right Part 3 From what we observed, the reflected pulse is smaller than the source pulse. Uncertainty & Error: Uncertainty - This experiment in the end is just a simulation and does not account for the effects of nature and other factors that cannot be controlled outside the simulation. Moreover, for this simulation, the damping is set to zero to prevent loss of the wave strength, which is impossible to achieve in real life. Source Wave Reflected Wave

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Page | 4 Error Measurement Error - There is human error in measuring the distance moved by the wave and between 2 wave peaks, due to the fact it is difficult to adjust the ruler and amplitude to ensure that the peak of the wave reaches the center of the 0 mark, and the fact that it is difficult to determine exactly the distance between the 2 peaks through eye alone. Conclusion/Summary: Part 1: From the results we got from the 2 simulations, there is little discrepancy between them, with a 0.0022 m/s difference. This could be explained away by the human error in measuring the waves using the simulation ruler, as it can be difficult to determine the exact peak of the wave. Given that both results are so close to each other, we can conclude that it is possible to determine the speed of a wave through its distance moved and time taken. However, this was only achievable since the damping was set to zero, preventing the loss of the wave amplitude over time, which is unachievable if an actual cable was used. Part 2: From what we see from the simulation, the green bead representing the wave medium only moves up and down with the wave, while the wave crest representing the energy of the wave moves to the right. From this experiment we can conclude that the medium of a wave does not move along with it, but only moves in an up down motion to move the particle next to it, propagating the wave crest, resulting in the wave. Part 3: It is observed that the reflected pulse is smaller than the source pulse. However, it is also observed that the pulse becomes smaller over time before being reflected. Both of this factor means it is not possible for a reflected wave to be as strong as the source, due to the fact it requires energy to move the beads, resulting in less energy for the wave as it propagates. Application: One application of the properties of wave can be applied is in sonar or radar. Through the first experiment, we could determine the speed of the wave using distance and time. By measuring the speed and time taken of the reflected wave, we can determine the distance to an object. By emitting an omnidirectional wave and measuring the reflected waves, aircraft can easily determine the position of any obstacles and other aircraft even without visual visibility.

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