Module 3 - Real-World Physics Discussion

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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University *

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Physics

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Class, For this week’s module, discussion post I am choosing to write about the topic of energy and the concepts of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy which can be found in chapter 3.4 of Inquiry Into Physics, Eighth Edition by Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord. According to our textbook, kinetic energy is defined as the resulting energy of an object has because of its motion, while gravitational potential energy is defined as the resulting energy from an object’s position or orientation because of gravitational forces on that object (Ostdlek & Bord, 2018). Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy have a huge role in the physics of everyday aviation. Both types of energy can be found when a helicopter is in a flight regime. The helicopter uses the kinetic energy harnessed from its engines and transfers that energy through its gearboxes to ultimately end up in the rotating mass and blades of the main and tail rotor head. All the rotating masses make up the main portion of the total kinetic energy of the helicopter. The rotating kinetic energy is then transformed into lift via the airfoil of the blades. This lift is then used to overcome the gravity and increase the gravitational potential energy of the helicopter. A helicopter pilot being able to successfully transfer energy between gravitational potential energy back into kinetic energy is a lifesaving emergency flight maneuver called an autorotation. Fig1: https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2021/january/flight- training-magazine/technique-autorotations

2 An autorotation is defined as a power-off maneuver in which the engine is disengaged from the main rotor disk by no longer supplying a driving force to the rotor blades, the main rotor disk is being driven solely by the upward flow of air through the rotor system because of the descent of the helicopter (Federal Aviation Administration, 2019). Pilots will use the built- up gravitational potential energy from their altitude and descent rate to maintain the kinetic energy of the main rotor disk and drivetrain. Once the pilot has reached the target flair altitude, they will pull back on the pitch and up on the cyclic flight controls to convert the built-up kinetic energy back into lift forces to overcome the force of gravity. This transfer of energy will hopefully result in a successful landing or soft-controlled crash. Most helicopter manufacturers have published a chart that recommends pilots to fly at for them to have the ability to enter the correct flight parameters of an autorotation. Below is an example of an R22's recommended flight operation regime. What other type of energy is a key component found in aviation? Fig2: https://www.helicoptertrainingvideos.com/2021/03/how-height- velocity-diagram-determined/

3 Reference Federal Aviation Administration. (2019). Helicopter Flying Handbook. United States Department of Transportation. Ostdlek, V. J., & Bord, D. J. (2018). Inquiry into Physics. Boston: Cengage Learning.

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