Ethics_Paper_2023 (AutoRecovered)
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ETHICS
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Ethics Paper
Elliott J. Clemente
The Helms School of Government, Liberty University
CJUS750
Author Note
Elliott J. Clemente
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elliott J. Clemente Email: ejclemente@liberty.edu
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a relentless psychological condition characterized by continued weight
loss. This abnormal weight loss is often associated with an abnormal fear of weight gain. A
victim's perception triggers a series of cascading events in which their mental health response
induces significant weight loss. As one of the more debilitating mental health issues affecting
people, it also has an above-average mortality rate among diagnosed mental health conditions.
The mortality rate for those afflicted by the condition has increased. The victim's relapse rate has
reached up to a reported 40% within the initial year of treatment. The purpose of the study is to
investigate the existing correlation between Anorexia nervosa and a significant portion of the
United States population. With a cross-sectional analysis, this study analyzed data from 2000-
2022 and measured these results against a similar study. This study defines and provides the
answer to the questions regarding the correlation between serious mental health diagnoses.
Additional findings are required to establish a fundamental relationship and cultivate causality. Keywords
: Anorexia nervosa,
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Introduction
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by preoccupation with weight and food,
behavior directed toward losing weight, peculiar patterns of handling food, weight loss, intense
fear of gaining weight, disturbance of body image, and amenorrhea (Halmi, 1985). Individuals
suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) associate food with body image. They identify their body
image as being overweight, flabby, or fat. These individuals are preoccupied with their mirrored
reflection while simultaneously overwhelming themselves with maintaining the body as slender
as possible. Patients often use various weight loss tactics to reach their desired goals, which
utilize extreme measures. One of the primary markers of the condition is a decrease of 15% or
more of body weight. Anorexia nervosa, as a psychiatric and physiological condition, can lead to the death of
the individual if it remains psychiatric and mentally unaddressed. The American Psychiatric
Association (APA) recently modified the definition of anorexia nervosa (AN) entry in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR). The primary
reason for the change is to exclude or reduce patients generally treated for an eating disorder not
specific to anorexia nervosa (AN). The change in the definition has led to a 60% reduction rate in
appropriate patient treatment and diagnosis. DSM-5 introduced three changes to the criteria defining anorexia nervosa: the weight loss
criteria were revised, fear of weight gain does not need verbalizing if behaviors interfering with
weight gain were observed, and amenorrhea was no longer required (Mustelin et al., 2016). The
modifications support the various studies conducted by researchers, which found little difference
in the groups studied, which also included those suffering from eating disorders and psychiatric
comorbidities. The research conducted prescribed the possible correlation between
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the newly revised diagnostic standards for anorexia nervosa and the subcategories with the
indicated spectrum. Ethics Responsibilities
Physicians in the West follow a medical philosophy of ethics that dates to antiquity, with
its primary focus being the ideology of Hippocrates of Kos (The Western father of medicine).
The Hippocratic oath indicates a prevailing ethos rather than a professional approach, which is
still regarded as the cornerstone and foundation of the medical profession (Antoniou et al.,
2010). The Hippocratic oath comprises a three-part agreement between the physician, the patient,
and the illness. The agreement is implicit in that physicians have an ethical and legal
responsibility to report incompetent or unethical conduct that may put patients at risk. This
standard is the foundation of the practice of modern medicine in Western nations. While physicians have a legal obligation to report any condition that appears to be
dangerous or may cause injury, non-physicians have no such legal obligation; however, they
have ethical and societal responsibilities to report medical issues. The interview type dictates the
interviewer's obligational and legal responsibilities. If something is obvious medically or
psychologically, the interviewer may report the issue to medical professionals for further
assistance. Confidentiality and privacy The fundamentals of qualitative research are protecting the individual or groups and the
information collected. The protection extends to groups, especially those in a protective class
(minorities, children, and elderly). In participatory research, the ethical principles may seem
more flexible and oriented toward the partnership between the
researcher and the research group
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of individuals or the co-researcher in the case of participatory or co-design approaches to
research
(Petrova et al., 2014). The rationale behind confidentiality pertains to the research's obligation to safeguard all
data collected through the interview conducted by the interviewer. One of the primary concerns
is the need to shelter information. Confidentiality breaches can negatively affect participants if
other stakeholders can identify them (Turcotte-Tremblay & Sween-Cadieux, 2018). A breach of
confidentiality has a multitude of issues surrounding such an event. One of the main impacts of
the breach of confidentiality is the damage to reputation associated with such an occurrence.
Many businesses, including those in private, public, and non-profit, lose data either through
internal (theft or accidental disclosure) or external (hacking), which can mean the loss of
customers, which in turn leads to the loss of whatever profit mechanism (stocks bond, and
shares) they have established. Legal and regulatory frameworks influence how they are
addressed. In public safety cases, researchers might be expected to break a participant's
confidence if they disclose having committed or being about to commit a crime (Wiles et al.,
2008). The company stockholders will also suffer reputation damage as a company board
member who suffered a data breach. Ensuring confidentiality is also essential to build a trusting relationship with participants.
Without the assurance of confidentiality, they might refuse to share or hide data important to
answer research questions, primarily when the study focuses on sensitivity (Turcotte-Tremblay
& Sween-Cadieux, 2018). In the medical field, a breach of information can be catastrophic to the
point that the participants or customers will lose trust in the study, which trust can affect
responses provided in the project. Societies with negative experiences with other researchers
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often extend their negative experiences to the following organizations or researchers. Adequate
information protection is vital in the promotion of future studies. The removal of barriers to data
protection must enforced in studies, especially those involving medical research. Ethics and reporting Conducting interviews always comes with some level of information security, including
protecting the participant's identity in many cases. Along with the protection of Personal
Identification Information (PII), the interviewer can find themselves in the ethical dilemma of
observing that the interviewee may display a physical illness because the interviewer is
conducting what is sensitive research. Conducting sensitive research can present several serious
challenges. Participants may find it distressing to discuss painful and embarrassing issues unless
the research is conducted sensitively; participants may be revictimized (Melville & Hincks,
2016). Some subjects that participants expressed during their interviews can be considered
taboo. Eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, fall under this group of illnesses thought of as
taboo. Sentative research can also involve topics that may be taboo, intrusive, stigmatizing, illegal, and
potentially dangerous (Melville & Hincks, 2016). Reporting such observation presents a
challenge to the interviewer if the participant is not a member of the protected category. As a
member of this class of individuals will make the report obligation easier. The management of
anorexia nervosa is noteworthy in ethical, legal, and clinical trials as it involves increased
treatment of participants who retain the aptitude to be impervious to medical management.
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References
Antoniou, S. A., Antoniou, G. A., Granderath, F. A., Mavroforu, A., Giannoukas, A. D., & Antoniou, A. I. (2010). Reflections of the Hippocratic Oath in modern medicine.
World journal of surgery
, 34, 3075-3079. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-010-0604-3
Halmi, K. A. (1984). The diagnosis and treatment of anorexia nervosa. The Clinical Guide to Child Psychiatry
, 218-228. Melville, A., & Hincks, D. (2016). Conducting sensitive interviews: A review of reflections. Law
and Method, 1(1), 1-26.
Mustelin, L., Silen, Y., Raevuori, A., Hoek, H. W., Kaprio, J., & Keski-Rahkonen, A. (2016). The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa may change its population prevalence and prognostic value.
Journal of Psychiatric Research
, 77, 85-91
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.03.003
Petrova, E., Dewing, J., & Camilleri, M. (2014). Confidentiality in participatory research: Challenges from one study. Nursing ethics, 23(4), 442-454. http://doi.org/10.101177/0969733014564909
Turcotte-Tremblay, A. M., & McSween-Cadieux, E. (2018). A reflection on the challenge of protecting the confidentiality of participants while disseminating research results locally. BMC medical ethics
, 19, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-018-0279-0
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Wiles, R., Crow, G., Health. S., & Charles, V. (2008). The Management of Confidentiality and Anonymity in Social Research.
International journal of social research methodology
, 11(5), 417-428.
https:// doi.org/10.1080/13645570701622231
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