EXAM 3 Study Guide
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POSC 111
Democracy and the Social Contract
Third Exam
Questions: 25
Authors: Rawls and Nussbaum
Rawls Topics
Rawsls’ assumptions about justice
argument against utilitarianism
original position
veil of ignorance
two principles of justice
basic liberties principle
difference principle
natural liberty interpretation of difference principle
liberal equality interpretation of difference principle
democratic equality interpretation of difference principle
the circumstances of justice
procedural justice
Nussbaum Topics
Nussbaums’s emphasis on human dignity and the demands of justice that extend from it
the challenge against mutual advantage as a motivation for entering civil society
the capabilities approach
General Practice Qs
What does it mean to treat people according to the principle of human dignity?
What constitutes (or is the basis of) legitimate political authority for most thinkers in the
social contract tradition?
Rawls Practice Questions:
Explain the following quote: “civil society yields benefits that people could not obtain
for themselves outside of civil society”.
Does Rawls think that justice extends to more areas than just political rights? What other features of civil society does justice pertain to? Why or why not?
What are Rawls’ four nonnegotiable principles (or assumptions) of justice?
Why does Rawls reject utilitarianism? On which principles?
What is procedural justice? What does it imply about the outcomes of a just procedure? Are the outcomes just no matter what if the procedure was just?
What is the basic liberties principle?
What are the background conditions needed, according to Rawls, for people to enter into an agreement / form civil society?
What is the veil of ignorance? Why does Rawls introduce this thought experiment?
What are the three types of inequality according to Rawls? To what extent can we control them?
What is the difference principle?
What is the natural liberty
interpretation of the difference principle?
What is the democratic equality
interpretation of the difference principle?
Nussbaum Practice Qs
Why would the severely disabled be left out of the “circumstances of justice” (AKA the motivations and background conditions for entering civil society)? (Hint: there’s about 3 distinct reasons why)
How does Nussbaum argue that some
people with disabilities could be
included in the circumstances of justice? (Hint: there are about 3 distinct ways she makes this argument)
According to Nussbaum, will able-bodied people have to make sacrifices (of material or economic benefit) to include those with severe disabilities?
Does Nussbaum believe its possible for us to help others even when it is not economically beneficial?
What does Nussbaum conclude about the social contract tradition in general? Does she accept it or reject it, and on what grounds?
What is Nussbaum’s precise objection (or issue) with utilitarianism? (Hint: What are adaptive preferences?)
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