Exam 2 Study Guide: Mastering PHI 103 Concepts

Exam 2 Due Aug 8 at 1:59am Points 90 Questions 40 Available Aug 4 at 2am - Aug 8 at 1:59am Time Limit 75 Minutes Instructions Welcome to exam 2 This exam will cover all of the material from modules 4,5 and 6 and is worth 25% of your final grade. To prepare for this exam I recommend: 1. Completing Module 6 and taking the module 6 quiz before taking the exam. The exam will cover material from the last 3 modules and the module 6 quiz will alert you to how well you understand the material in module 6. 2. Making a handwritten "cheatsheet" with equations and definitions that you may find difficult to remember to access while taking the exam. (you are welcome to type this as well, you can access any printed materials on the exam). 3. Reviewing your module 4,5 and 6 quizzes. For those portions of quizzes that you struggled with I would recommend going through the practice assignments and extra homework questions for that lesson. If you are interested, I have put together a review sheet: Exam 2 Review Guide.docx (https://asu.instructure.com/courses/150779/files/69693415?wrap=1) The review guide lists concepts that will be on the exam. It is meant to guide your studying by giving you a list of questions to focus on. It is not an exhaustive list, and it should be used in conjunction with practice, perhaps to alert you to what you should review. The exam will be 40 questions and you will have 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete it. Be careful not to spend too much time looking through your notes on a single question as you have 1.875 minutes per question. You will need honorlock functioning to take the exam. Honorlock Chrome Extension This exam requires Google Chrome and the Honorlock Chrome Extension. Come back to this page using Google Chrome to continue.

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Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 74 minutes 46.7 out of 90 ! Correct answers are hidden. Score for this quiz: 46.7 out of 90 Submitted Aug 7 at 9:17pm This attempt took 74 minutes. 0.3 / 3 pts Question 1 Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that RvQ 1. (P&S) → Q A 2. (P ↔ H)&S A 3. H A 4. S 1,4,&E 5. Q 1,-->E 6. P<->H 1,&E 7. P&S 1,7,-->E 8. R 2,&E 9. RvQ 2,3,&E 1,4,&E Q 1,-->E

Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: P<->H 1,&E P&S 1,7,-->E R 2,&E 2,3,&E 0 / 3 pts Question 2 Incorrect Incorrect Complete the following derivation to prove that R 1. (P&Q) → R A 2. (SvH) → (Q ↔ P) A 3. P&S A 4. P 1,-->E 5. Q<->P 1,9,-->E 6. Q 1,9,-->E 7. S 2,vE

Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: 8. P&Q 2,4,-->E 9. H 2,6,-->E 10. R 2,6,-->E 1,-->E Q<->P 1,9,-->E Q 1,9,-->E S 2,vE P&Q 2,4,-->E H

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Answer 11: Answer 12: 2,6,-->E 2,6,-->E incorrect 0.23 / 3 pts Question 3 Answer 1: Answer 2: Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that ~(R → Q) 1. (QvP) → H A 2. ~(SvH)&R A 3. SvH PA 4. ~(SvH) 2,~E 5. QvP 1,7,-->E 6. Q 2,4,&E 7. R 3,5,-->E 8. R-->Q 3,5,-->E 9. H 3-9,~I 10. ~(R → Q) 4-9,~I SvH 2,~E

Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: Answer 11: Answer 12: Answer 13: QvP 1,7,-->E Q 2,4,&E R 3,5,-->E R-->Q 3,5,-->E H 3-9,~I 4-9,~I

0.46 / 3 pts Question 4 Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that ~(R ↔ Q) 1. (R&Q) ↔ H A 2. ~(PvH)&Q A 3. R<->Q PA 4. ~(PvH) 1,<->E 5. P 1,7,<->E 6. Q 2,&E 7. R&Q 3,<->E 8. PvH 3,5,<->E 9. R<->Q 3-9,~I 10. ~(R ↔ Q) 4,~E R<->Q 1,<->E P 1,7,<->E Q 2,&E

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Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: Answer 11: Answer 12: Answer 13: R&Q 3,<->E PvH 3,5,<->E R<->Q 3-9,~I 4,~E 0.2 / 3 pts Question 5 Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that (R&Q) → (P&H) 1. P → H A 2. (Q&S) → P A 3. S ↔ R A 4. P&H 1,-->E 5. Q PA 6. Q&S 1,9,-->E 7. R&Q 2,&E

Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: 8. P 2,8,-->E 9. PA 2,-->E 10. H 3,6,<->E 11. R 4,&E 12. (R&Q) → (P&H) 4-11, → I P&H 1,-->E PA Q&S 1,9,-->E R&Q 2,&E P 2,8,-->E

Answer 11: Answer 12: Answer 13: Answer 14: Answer 15: PA 2,-->E H 3,6,<->E R 4,&E 0.6 / 3 pts Question 6 Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that (R ↔ Q) → (PvH) 1. S → Q A 2. P ↔ R A 3. S A 4. R<->Q PA 5. Q-->R 1,-->E 6. P 1,3,-->E 7. Q 2,<->E 8. PvH 2,6,<->E 9. (R ↔ Q) → (PvH) 4,<->E

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Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: R<->Q Q-->R 1,-->E P 1,3,-->E Q 2,<->E PvH 2,6,<->E 4,<->E 0.46 / 3 pts Question 7 Partial Partial

Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Complete the following derivation to prove that (R → Q) ↔ P 1. (PvS) → (R → Q) A 2. (Q&R) → P A 3. R A 4. R-->Q 1,vE 5. Q 1,-->E 6. Q&R 1,9,-->E 7. PA 2,&E 8. 1,vE 2,-->E 9. PvS 2,6,-->E 10. S 3,4,-->E 11. (R → Q) ↔ P 3,5,&I R-->Q 1,vE 1,-->E Q&R 1,9,-->E PA

Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: Answer 11: Answer 12: Answer 13: 2,&E 1,vE 2,-->E 2,6,-->E S 3,4,-->E 3,5,&I 0 / 3 pts Question 8 Incorrect Incorrect Complete the following derivation to prove that R ↔ Q 1. R ↔ (QvS) A 2. Q ↔ (RvP) A 3. QvS 1,<->E 4. RvP 1,vE 5. PA 1,7,<->E 6. Q 1,3,<->E 7. R 2,vE 8. 1,vE 2,4,<->E 9. R ↔ Q 3,vI

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Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: Answer 11: QvS 1,<->E 1,vE PA 1,7,<->E 1,3,<->E R 2,vE 1,vE 2,4,<->E

3,vI incorrect 0.21 / 3 pts Question 9 Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that R 1. P A 2. (SvH) ↔ R A 3. R ↔ (QvH) A 4. (P ↔ Q)vS A 5. QvH 1,5,<->E 6. Q 2,6,<->E 7. SvH 2,10,<->E 8. P<->Q 3,<->E 9. PA 3,7,<->E 10. 1,5,<->E 4,vE 11. 1,5,<->E 4,5-11,vE 12. R 4,5-8,9-11,vE QvH 1,5,<->E 2,6,<->E

Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: Answer 11: Answer 12: Answer 13: Answer 14: SvH 2,10,<->E P<->Q 3,<->E PA 3,7,<->E 1,5,<->E 4,vE 1,5,<->E 4,5-11,vE 4,5-8,9-11,vE

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0.23 / 3 pts Question 10 Answer 1: Answer 2: Answer 3: Answer 4: Answer 5: Answer 6: Partial Partial Complete the following derivation to prove that RvQ 1. (P ↔ Q)vS A 2. S ↔ R A 3. P A 4. PA 1,<->E 5. Q 1,vE 6. P<->Q 1,4-6,7-9,vE 7. RvQ 2,5,<->E 8. 1,<->E 2,7,<->E 9. R 2,7,<->E 10. Q 3,4,<->E PA 1,<->E 1,vE P<->Q 1,4-6,7-9,vE RvQ

Answer 7: Answer 8: Answer 9: Answer 10: Answer 11: Answer 12: Answer 13: 2,5,<->E 1,<->E 2,7,<->E R 2,7,<->E Q 3,4,<->E 0 / 2 pts Question 11 Incorrect Incorrect Professor: This paper is amazing. I have never seen so many spelling, grammatical, and logical errors in one paper. Student: I don't know why my paper received a a bad grade. The professor said that my paper was amazing. amphiboly accent

equivocation composition division incorrect. The student is taking part of the professor's comment out of context. He is stressing (accenting) certain information and changing the meaning of the remarks. 2 / 2 pts Question 12 It rained last Saturday. And it rained the Saturday before. It always rains on Saturdays. hasty generalization sweeping generalization false dilemma special pleading slippery slope correct. We're basing the rule on two Saturdays 2 / 2 pts Question 13

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Professor MathWhiz, how can you say that my answer to this problem was incorrect? It must be correct. Most of the class gave the very same answer. mob appeal complex question begging the question appeal to ignorance tu quoque correct Unfortunately for the speaker, mathematicians don't settle their problems by majority rules 0 / 2 pts Question 14 Incorrect Incorrect When Jones went home to donate a kidney to his brother, Professor Hardnose told him not to worry about missing class. So, Professor Hardnose doesn't care if we miss class or not. hasty generalization sweeping generalization false dilemma begging the question special pleading

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incorrect. The speaker is basing the claim on one exceptional case. 2 / 2 pts Question 15 You should help your friends. So, I should help my friend rob this bank. sweeping generalization hasty generalization false dilemma slippery slope special pleading correct. We have a good general rule (help your friends), but this is a case in which you should not follow the rule 0 / 2 pts Question 16 Incorrect Incorrect Women gossip. Men merely exchange information about their friends and acquaintances. special pleading

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sweeping generalization abusive circumstantial hasty generalization incorrect. Same behavior. Different description 2 / 2 pts Question 17 Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who's the fairest of them all? Jessica Simpson or Jessica Biel? false dilemma sweeping generalization hasty generalization begging the question complex question correct. We may believe that a third person is even more fair. 2 / 2 pts Question 18

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I don't allow students to ask questions in class. If I let one student ask a question, then another student will ask a question. Before you know it, everyone will be asking questions and there will be no time for the lecture. slippery slope sweeping generalization mob appeal composition hasty generalization correct 2 / 2 pts Question 19 If I eat 20 chocolate bars in one sitting, I'm a chocoholic. If you eat 20 chocolate bars in one sitting, you're a glutton. special pleading sweeping generalization hasty generalization false dilemma slippery slope

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correct. Same behavior, different descriptions 0 / 2 pts Question 20 Incorrect Incorrect Be courteous to strangers (but you can be rude to the people you know) accent amphiboly equivocation composition division incorrect. The statement in parentheses lets us know that we are stressing the word 'strangers' 0 / 2 pts Question 21 Incorrect Incorrect You can skate for more than one mile on a slice of bread. amphiboly accent

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division equivocation composition incorrect. The sentence structure is not making it clear whether the one slice of bread gives you the energy to skate for miles or whether you can literally use the slice of bread as your skates 2 / 2 pts Question 22 True, you don't have to agree with me; but then, it's also true that you don't have to keep your job. appeal to fear abusive circumstantial hasty generalization sweeping generalization correct. The speaker is making a threat 2 / 2 pts Question 23

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One M&M candy has less than 30 calories. So, this 2 pound bag of M&M candies has less than 30 calories. compostion division amphiboly accent equivocation correct The parts have a property that the whole does not 2 / 2 pts Question 24 Freedom of speech is a constitutionally guaranteed right. Therefore, I can yell "fire' in a crowded theater without any fear of punishment. sweeping generalization hasty generalization appeal to fear mob appeal special pleading

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correct. The right to free speech is generally upheld, but there are exceptions. We have a good rule that is not held in every case. 2 / 2 pts Question 25 My barber said Einstein's theory of relativity is a bunch of hogwash. I guess Einstein wasn't as smart as everyone thinks he was. appeal to authority appeal to pity appeal to fear appeal to ignorance mob appeal correct. Barbers are not generally experts in physics 2 / 2 pts Question 26 A statistical syllogism has particular premises and a general conclusion. True

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False Correct: 95% of ASU students hate final exams Jane Smith is an ASU student . Jane Smith hates final exams This argument is a statistical syllogism. It has a general premise, particular premise, and a particular conclusion 2 / 2 pts Question 27 The margin of error is the difference between the frequency a property occurs between various groups in the sample. True False Correct: The margin of error (sampling error) is the difference between a frequency a property occurs within a sample and the frequency it occurs in the general population. 2 / 2 pts Question 28 An inductively strong argument must have a true conclusion. True

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False Correct: Explanation 99% of ASU students hate final exams. John Doe is an ASU student . John Doe hates final exams. This example is inductively strong. If the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true. But the conclusion could still be false. The conclusion is probably true but it’s still possible that it could be false. 2 / 2 pts Question 29 Identify the argument's form Dogs are cute if and only if cats are cute. If cats are cute, then elephants are huge. Thus, elephants are huge or dogs are cute. deductive induction by enumeration inductive generalization statistical syllogism argument by analogy correct

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0 / 2 pts Question 30 Incorrect Incorrect Identify the argument's form Jane enjoyed the following novels: "The Man in the High Tower", "Valis", "The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch", "A Scanner Darkly", and "Flow my Tears, the Policeman Said". These are all science fiction novels about a dystopic future written by Philip K. dick. "Martian Time Slip" is a science fiction novel about a dystopic future written by Philip K. Dick. Jane will probably enjoy "Martian Time Slip". argument by analogy induction by enumeration inductive generalization statistical syllogism deductive argument incorrect Notice that the argument stressed similarities among certain books. Since another book shares these similarities, it will be similar in another respect. 0 / 2 pts Question 31 Incorrect Incorrect Identify the argument's form Joey read 'A Tale of Two Bad Mice" and he liked it. Joey likes stories.

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induction by enumeration inductive generalization statistical syllogism argument by analogy deductive argument incorrect We're basing a general conclusion on particular cases 2 / 2 pts Question 32 Identify which of Mill's methods is illustrated in the following passage. Bill and Will are identical twins. They eat the same food except Bill refuses to eat citrus fruit, tomatoes, or any other food that contains vitamin C. Bill develops scurvy, Will does not. The doctor diagnoses the cause of Bill's scurvy as the lack of vitamin C. difference joint method concomitant variation residues agreement

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correct Think of each twin as constituting a group. In one case, the effect is present and in the other, the effect is absent. We are looking for the difference that explains why the effect is present in one case but not the other 2 / 2 pts Question 33 Identify which of Mill's methods is illustrated in the following passage. Dr. Quackenbusch argues that birthday parties cause chicken pox. As proof, he cites the following case. Four children were divided into two groups. In one group, the children attended a birthday party. In the other group, the children stayed home. In less than a week, the children who attended the party came down with the chicken pox. The children in the other group did not. In all other respects, the two groups were identical. difference agreement joint method concomitant variation residues

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correct We have two groups that are kept identical. The effect is present in one group but absent in the other. We are looking for the condition that explains this difference 2 / 2 pts Question 34 Identify which of Mill's methods is illustrated in the following passage Before 1958, researchers debated whether exercise could cut the risk of heart disease. In 1960, Dr. Paffenberger began a study where he tracked 39,150 members of the Harvard classes of 1924-54. Dr. Paffenberger had access to their medical records when they attended Harvard as young men and as they aged. He discovered that the men who were more physically active had a lower risk of heart disease. The study found that as activity increased, the risk of heart decreased and vice-versa. concomitant variation residues agreement difference joint method

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correct Heart disease varies with the amount of exercise. We have two phenomena that vary together. 0 / 2 pts Question 35 Incorrect Incorrect Jane read and enjoyed the following novels by Jane Austen: 'Sense and Sensibility, 'Pride and Prejudice', 'Mansfield Park', 'Emma', and 'Persuasion'. Thus, Jane likes the works of Jane Austen. This argument is strong. The sample is sufficiently large and representative. This argument is strong. The sample is representative. This argument is weak. The sample is too small and it is not representative. This argument is weak. The sample is too small. This argument is weak. The sample is not representative incorrect. The sample is sufficiently large and representative 2 / 2 pts Question 36

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95% of ASU students support the Sun Devils. Thus, 95% of students at the University of Arizona support the Sun Devils. This argument is weak. ASU students are not representative of students at the University of Arizona. This argument is weak. The sample is too small This argument is weak. The sample is too small and it is not representative This argument is strong. The percentage is high This argument is strong. The sample is sufficiently large and representative correct. ASU students are more likely to support the Sun Devils than students at any other school. 2 / 2 pts Question 37 Jane enjoyed the following stories written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter: 'The Tale of Peter Rabbit', 'The Tale of Benjamin Bunny', 'The Tale of Two Bad Mice', 'The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin'. These are all anthropomorphic children's stories that are told in a matter of fact tone of voice. 'The Tale of the Fierce Bad Rabbit' is also an anthropomorphic children's story written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter that is told is a matter of fact tone of voice. Jane will enjoy 'the Tale of the Fierce Bad Rabbit'.

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The argument is strong. The similarities are relevant and there is no relevant difference The argument is strong. While there is a relevant difference, the similarities are relevant. The argument is weak. The sample is too small The argument is weak. The sample is not represenative The argument is strong. The percentage is high correct 2 / 2 pts Question 38 The following chart illustrates Mill’s method of concomitant variation: Case w x y z e 1 P A P P A 2 p P P P P True False Correct: Again, we have Mill’s method of difference.

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2 / 2 pts Question 39 The following passage illustrates the fallacy of confusing cause and effect. Terminally ill patients often undergo a period of depression. This depression must have caused their terminal illness. True False Correct: There is a connection between knowing you will soon die and being depressed. But it is the knowledge of the terminal illness that leads to the depression and not the other way around. 2 / 2 pts Question 40 If X is a necessary condition for Y, then when X does not occur, Y does not occur. True False Correct Quiz Score: 46.7 out of 90

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Exam 2: PHI 103: Principles of Sound Reasoning (2023 Summer - B)

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