Session Five Assigment (2)
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McNeese State University *
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421W
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Philosophy
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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docx
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1
Session Five Assignment
SOCL 421W
Version of 3-5-23
The minimum word count for this assignment is 700 words. That is
700 words for the entire assignment, not for each question.
After reading Unit V of the text, please answer the following questions:
1.
According to Jack Levin et al., what is a “mission hate crime?”
How was Bowers’s crime different from an earlier Pittsburgh
attack committed by Richard Baumhammers?
A mission hate crime is when a specific perpetrator is motivated by a
specific ideology or belief system, that targets their victims based on
their connection to a group. Bowers was motivated, in 2018, by
antisemitism and targeting a jewish synagogue as it was a place of
worship. It was premeditated and planned. It is different to the attack by
Richard Baumhammers in Pittsburgh, as his was a spree hate crime,
where he hurt and killed multiple victims in multiple locations. He was
motivated by his hatred of immigrants and minorities.
2.
What is Gab? Why was Bowers drawn to this social media site?
Gab was meant to be an alternative to the likes of facebook and
Instagram, with lax moderation policies, which have in turn allowed it to
become a haven for far-right extremism and conspiracy theorists.
Bowers was a common user of Gab, posting antisemitic and racist
content, free from any censorship.
3.
What crimes was Bowers charged with?
According to NBC News, Bowers was found “guilty on 11 counts of
obstructing the exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death, a capital
offense punishable by death. He was further found guilty on 11 counts
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willfully causing bodily injury because of actual or perceived religion
resulting in the death and 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit
murder in relation to a crime of violence.
4.
What adjustments to security are likely at places of worship after
the Tree of Life Synagogue attack?
Increased physical security has been improved at religious locations,
with the implementation of security cameras and personnel, access
control etc. also security awareness training, emergency plans and threat
assessments. Community collaboration and building relationships with
local law enforcement has also been implemented to a stronger degree.
5.
Apparently a lone wolf, John Earnest did not profess to belong to
any white supremacist group. He was said to have been motivated
by two events that occurred prior to the Poway shooting. What
were they?
The march 16 attacks on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand,
and the San Diego Mosque fire.
6.
According to The Guardian, what is the Identarian Movement?
What possible role might the movement have played in the Poway
shooting?
The identarian movement is a far-right white nationalist movement that
was founded in France, 2002. Its goal is the preservation of European
identity and culture, which sees immigration as a threat. Earnest,
responsible for the Poway synagogue shooting was a self proclaimed
white supremacist, who was inspired by the indentarian movement. In
hismanifesto, he praised the leaders and offered his desire to carry out
lawlessness and violence against minority groups, especially jews.
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7.
How does the El Paso shooting compare with shootings in Pittsburgh,
Poway, Gilroy, and Buffalo?
All of the shootings were acts of violence motivated by hate of specific
minority groups. The el paso shooting, Patrick Crusius targeted Hispanic
shoppers, and confessed to a white supremacist ideology as his
motivator.
8. According to the manifesto published online, what were some
“reasons” cited by the alleged El Paso shooter as a rationale for the
Walmart attack?
One reason was his agreement to the “Great Replacement” conspiracy
theory, which refers to how white people are being replaced by non-
white immigrants through demographic changes and mass immigration.
Anti-immigration was also heavily referenced, purely toward the
immigration of Hispanics.
Please send your answers to me on Moodle before the end of the
Session.
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