Chapter 1 ANSWERS.rtf
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Walden University *
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8412
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Philosophy
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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docx
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9
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1.
Critical thinking has been described as the:
A)
“opposite of creative thinking”
B)
“ancient way of knowing”
C)
“mind of the future”
D)
“hardest form of logic”
2.
The value of disproving in science is most apparent when one realizes the limitations imposed by:
A)
publication bias
B)
subject bias
C)
experimenter bias
D)
confirmation bias
3.
Tendencies such as interpreting patterns among randomness and believing exceptional are representative have been described as:
A)
emotional reactions
B)
cognitive illusions
C)
perceptual defenses
D)
attentional distortions
4.
When group data are used to make inferences about individuals, one risks which of the following?
A)
confirmation bias
B)
experimenter expectancy
C)
ecological fallacy
D)
central tendency error
5.
A logical evidence-based chain of reasoning describes which of the following?
A)
control in experimentation
B)
generalization across samples
C)
scientific research
D)
analysis of case studies
6.
All of the following describe common explanations for inconsistencies in research findings except:
A)
data analysis errors
B)
variation in definitions
C)
procedural differences
D)
diverse measures
Page 1
7.
Procedures for generating useful information from raw data that exist in various formats are known as:
A)
data mining
B)
number farming
C)
investigative replication
D)
narrative searching
8.
All of the following are characteristics of critical thinkers except:
A)
considering alternative or multiple perspectives
B)
justifying well-reasoned conclusions
C)
shaping findings to fit preconceptions
D)
recognizing inconsistencies
9.
Statistical significance in education is often confused with which of the following?
A)
practical importance
B)
theoretical proofs
C)
control of biases
D)
multiple sources of evidence
10.
One chronic problem in educational research has been:
A)
discovering statistical significance
B)
confusing correlation with cause
C)
securing sufficient sample sizes
D)
lack of reliable test scores
11.
Chapter 1 describes a “cognitive illusion” that involves a tendency to interpret evidence in ways that:
A)
challenge your assumptions
B)
conform to your beliefs
C)
foster creativity
D)
generate unnecessary complexity
12.
Which of the following is described as one hallmark of critical thinking?
A)
recognizing bias
B)
creating hypotheses
C)
criticizing alternative perspectives
D)
testing theories
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13.
All of the following are described as “tricks” that may mislead readers of research except:
A)
causal interpretations of correlations
B)
interpreting “significant” findings that arose by chance
C)
“torturing” and “cleaning” data
D)
ignoring “lost” subjects
E)
using only 2 or 3 peer reviewers of research
14.
One major theme in Chapter 1 is that research in education is:
A)
easily misinterpreted
B)
usually controversial
C)
too theoretical
D)
underfunded
15.
Critical thinking is described as all of the following except:
A)
astute
B)
careful
C)
analytical
D)
watchful
16.
Thinking critically about the art and science of learning using reasoned conclusions in the
spirit of inquiry describes the essence of:
A)
professional development
B)
logical discipline
C)
reflective practice
D)
goal-oriented teaching
17.
The use of select research findings to reach favored conclusions while ignoring other findings is known as:
A)
data harvesting
B)
number slicing
C)
cherry picking
D)
empirical cooking
18.
All of the following are examples of getting “snookered” by education research except:
A)
interpreting rising scores as rising achievement without more information
B)
confusing rates, numbers, and scores
C)
accepting claims without data
D)
failure to investigate researchers' credentials
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19.
When research findings in education are communicated to others, the phenomenon of social construction may create which of the following?
A)
distortion
B)
generalization
C)
consensus
D)
replication
20.
Research on charter schools has been plagued by which of the following:
A)
breaches in ethical guidelines
B)
use of non-standardized testing
C)
non-comparable comparison groups
D)
small sample sizes
21.
Analysis and evaluation are skills often linked to which of the following?
A)
administrator leadership
B)
critical thinking
C)
teacher certification
D)
knowledgeable comprehension
22.
Which of the following placed special emphasis on scientific research findings in education?
A)
Goals 2000
B)
No Child Left Behind
C)
Teach for America
D)
Alternative Certification
23.
Our understanding of teaching and learning can be enhanced by a combination of principles based on scientific research and:
A)
the wisdom of practice
B)
everyday knowledge
C)
traditional authority
D)
expert software
24.
Critical thinking in education is often described as:
A)
stable
B)
seasoned
C)
bureaucratic
D)
analytical
Page 4
25.
Action researchers are also viewed as:
A)
solo classroom artisans
B)
data crunchers
C)
reflective practitioners
D)
insightful leaders
26.
Differences in sampling, instrumentation, and research design are all offered as explanations for _______ among research findings.
A)
consistency
B)
validity
C)
discrepancy
D)
reliability
27.
Which of the following are often linked with definitions of critical thinking?
A)
comprehension and review
B)
analysis and evaluation
C)
summarizing and rephrasing
D)
questioning and repeating
28.
This chapter presents ideas that link which of the following?
A)
authoritative knowledge, multiple intelligence, and experimental research
B)
educational administrators, science, and errors in reasoning
C)
reflective practitioners, teacher researchers, and critical thinkers
D)
deduction, induction, and brainstorming
29.
Critical thinking has been described as all of the following except:
A)
clear and careful
B)
analytical and reasoned
C)
metaphorical and reflective
D)
quick and unyielding
30.
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 placed emphasis on which of the following:
A)
teacher intuition
B)
scientific research
C)
subjective evaluation
D)
alternative certification
Page 5
31.
This chapter describes how teaching and learning can be understood best as the melding of principles based on scientific research and which of the following?
A)
common sense
B)
tradition
C)
expert authority
D)
experiential wisdom (craft knowledge)
32.
This chapter makes clear that having data does not guarantee which of the following?
A)
sound conclusions
B)
reasoned reflection
C)
critical thinking
D)
all of the above
33.
Critical thinking involves being on the watch for:
A)
statistical significance
B)
complex hypotheses
C)
alternative explanations
D)
interdependent theories
34.
Which of the following has not been suggested as a component of critical thinking?
A)
evaluation
B)
interpretation
C)
introspection
D)
self-regulation
35.
Which of the following has not been suggested as a component of critical thinking?
A)
brainstorming
B)
analysis
C)
inference
D)
explanation
36.
Critical thinking in education is described as all of the following except:
A)
analytical
B)
quick
C)
careful
D)
astute
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37.
"Educators as reflective practitioners" are most likely to engage in which of the following?
A)
action research
B)
policy making
C)
philosophical thinking
D)
political action
38.
Teacher researchers are also most likely which of the following?
A)
traditionally certified
B)
gifted writers
C)
critical thinkers
D)
educational leaders
39.
When two studies designed to answer the same question yield opposite conclusions, the most likely explanation is related to:
A)
coding errors
B)
differences in methodology
C)
quality of reporting journals
D)
timing of data collection
40.
Discrepancies among research findings are often explained by differences in:
A)
sampling
B)
instrumentation
C)
intervention
D)
all of the above
41.
The fact that advocates of two different (even opposing) instructional methods can point to supporting research often can be explained by differences in:
A)
computers analyzing the data
B)
ethical guidelines
C)
types of data collected
D)
reporting formats
E)
samples size
42.
Research results frequently conflict or show inconsistencies, the most obvious reason for this being differences in:
A)
methodology
B)
reporting
C)
reviewing
D)
critiquing
Page 7
43.
The frustrating fact that research often yields contradictory and inconsistent findings is often related to differences in:
A)
ethical requirements
B)
reporting journals
C)
research methodology
D)
researcher competence
E)
statistical software
44.
News magazines often carry stories about scientific research in health or education. One included a sidebar revealing "What science says." Based on what you have learned, which is one reasonable sidebar heading?
A)
"Definitive Findings"
B)
"Mixed Messages"
C)
"Finally, Proof"
D)
"Only One Interpretation Possible"
E)
"Scientists Always Agree"
45.
Which of the following is a reasonable expectation for research on divorce?
A)
Different research approaches and perspectives can yield very different conclusions.
B)
Divorce, like religion or spiritual influence, appears to be unresearchable.
C)
Parents' ideas of the influence of divorce would likely match researchers' findings.
D)
Divorce can only be studied by clinical psychologists, not educational researchers using statistics.
Answer Key
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. E
14. A
15. D
16. C
Page 8
17. C
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. B
22. B
23. A
24. D
25. C
26. C
27. B
28. C
29. D
30. B
31. D
32. D
33. C
34. A
35. A
36. B
37. A
38. C
39. B
40. D
41. C
42. A
43. C
44. B
45. A
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