SOST 136 ASIGNMENT

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1 KENYA METHODIST UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF NURSING UNIT CODE: SOST 136 UNIT TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY NAME: DEVINAH KEMUMA OKEROSI REGISTRATION NUMBER: BSN-1-2419-2/2023

2 Conduct Disorders in Kasarani, Nairobi Kasarani, a suburb in Nairobi, Kenya, has a serious Conduct Disorder (CD) issue. More and more people are paying attention to this widespread problem because of its far-reaching effects on individuals, families, and the community. According to the DSM-5, CD includes a wide variety of extreme and long-lasting patterns of behavior that undermine social norms and the rights of others. Aggression, destruction of property, theft, lying, and other significant rule breaches are all symptoms of CD in Kasarani. These activities influence the lives of people directly involved and create social problems such as threats to public safety, strained relationships within the community, and more contact with the law. It is critical for successful intervention and assistance to understand CD's background, symptoms, and cultural context in Kasarani. The extent to which people can influence their behavior and the methods in which it may be prevented or corrected can be illuminated by investigating appropriate theoretical models. In order to better understand the extent to which individuals can exert control over this reported behavioral issue, this research seeks to investigate the root causes and clinical presentations of CD in this region, as well as the cultural views that impact this behavior. Causes of Conduct Disorders in Kasarani, Nairobi Many factors contribute to the prevalence of conduct disorders in Kasarani, Nairobi. There is strong evidence that biological factors contribute to the onset of CD. For example, Individuals with a history of behavioral problems in their family may be at a higher risk of getting CD themselves. Physiological variables, such as brain abnormalities and neurotransmitter imbalances, might also contribute to impulsive and violent behaviors, aggravating CD symptomatology (Tolentino & Schmidt, 2018). Numerous environmental elements in Kasarani's multifaceted setting have been proposed as causes of CD. Vulnerable children may learn to adopt

3 aggressive behaviors and may see violent conduct as required for self-preservation or status elevation due to their exposure to violence and crime in the area. A person's predisposition to participate in conduct-disordered behaviors can be influenced by their ability to regulate their emotions and deal with stressful situations negatively impacted by childhood trauma, abuse, or neglect (Gitonga et al., 2017). The problem is made much more complicated by socioeconomic circumstances. A person's socioeconomic standing likely influences the rate of CD incidence in Kasarani. To make ends meet or as a way to deal with the stress brought on by a lack of options, those living in poverty and with limited access to education and resources may turn to criminal conduct. People who have to deal with the stresses of living in poverty and having few opportunities for upward mobility are more likely to develop CD in areas with significant socioeconomic gaps. Adolescents in the Kasarani community are especially vulnerable to the damaging effects of peer pressure, which is a significant factor in developing Conduct Disorders (CD). The value of friends and acquaintances here is difficult to emphasize. Adolescents are often swayed by the opinions and actions of their peers; therefore, hanging out with delinquent peers who partake in antisocial behavior can have serious repercussions. As pointed out by Kimathi (2022), adolescents who associate with classmates who display delinquent tendencies typically adopt those same habits to fit in. As a result, these actions receive praise, which strengthens the conduct disorder. It is also important to note the significance that parenting styles within the Kasarani community play in the emergence of CD. According to Mohammadi et al. (2021), stable, caring parents are crucial to their children's well-being. However, this area is known for harsh parenting, a lack of monitoring, and erratic disciplinary measures. Children and adolescents may struggle to thrive without proper direction and emotional support from their

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4 parents. As a result, people may turn to maladaptive behaviors to manage their feelings and the pressures of daily life. As a result, it is crucial to acknowledge the mutual influence of peers and parenting methods in determining the prevalence of Conduct Disorders in Kasarani. Manifestations of Conduct Disorders Conduct Disorders (CD) are diagnosed in various methods in Kasarani, Nairobi, according to the DSM-5. Aggression toward other people and animals is a prevalent symptom. People struggling with CD are more likely to engage in acts of physical aggressiveness, including fighting, bullying, and animal cruelty. It is important to note that the DSM-5 includes various behaviors under this criteria, from verbal to physical aggressiveness. The diagnostic importance of this criteria is further highlighted by the violent behaviors, sometimes unprovoked or inappropriate to the circumstances, highlighting the difficulty people with CD have in controlling their impulses and dealing with their anger and frustration (American Psychiatric Association, 2020). The destruction of property is another important symptom of CD. Common antisocial acts among people with CD include vandalism and arson. Deliberately causing harm to others' property is a hallmark of the DSM-5's outlined apathy about social norms and other people's rights. These behaviors illustrate the difficulties in impulse control and the necessity for intervention and treatment to lessen the impact of CD on an individual's ability to conform to societal norms. Theft and dishonesty are also common symptoms of CD in Kasarani. People with CDs are more likely to steal from stores, break into homes, and tell fibs. These actions highlight the dishonesty and manipulation that characterize CD and are frequently the result of a lack of respect for the rights of others. When diagnosing CD, it is crucial to account for dishonesty and theft, both of which are highlighted as diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric

5 Association, 2020). The striking manifestations also include major rule infractions. People struggling with CD often exhibit a pervasive pattern of repeatedly breaking the rules. This defining trait is associated with interactions with law enforcement because of the prevalence of conduct that violates DSM-5-defined legal and ethical norms. Such persistent infractions reflect the pervasive character of these patients' behavioral difficulties (American Psychiatric Association, 2020). A notable symptom of CD in Kasarani is an inability to empathize with others. People with CD frequently fail to show any signs of empathy or sorrow for the pain they have caused others. This symptom is especially moving because it highlights the tremendous emotional disconnection that is characteristic of CD. According to the DSM-5 criteria, a lack of empathy is pivotal in diagnosing CD because it highlights the individual's inability to understand the impact of their actions on others and to feel the full range of human emotions in response to the suffering they cause. Cultural Perspectives on Conduct Disorders Kasarani, Nairobi's cultural setting provides important clues about developing understandings and reactions to Conduct Disorders (CD). There is a richer understanding of the condition thanks to the intersection of these cultural viewpoints with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. There is a great focus on personal responsibility in Kasarani society, which indicates the collectivist values that predominate in the culture. Culture shock is seen as a threat to social cohesion in this context (Gitonga et al., 2017). Contrary to DSM-5 guidelines, social stigmatization, and community interventions may be implemented in response to rule-breaking behavior. The cultural relevance of treating CD as both an individual and a community issue is highlighted by the additional pressure placed on people with CD to comply with community norms by this shared responsibility. Kasarani's cultural beliefs and traditions might also shape

6 how locals think about CD. Deviating from the biological framework often linked with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, CD may occasionally be attributed to supernatural origins or curses. According to research (Richardson, 2016), those attributing CD to supernatural causes are less likely to seek treatment. They may go to traditional healers or perform rituals to appease these supernatural entities instead of getting the evidence-based mental health care advocated for in the DSM-5. Interventions that are culturally responsive and help bridge the gap between Western medicine and local customs require understanding these long-held beliefs and behaviors. Economic considerations significantly impact how people in the Kasarani neighborhood of Nairobi, Kenya, think about and treat Conduct Disorders (CD). The socioeconomic status of the surrounding area may profoundly impact the prevalence and treatment of CD. Families struggling to make ends meet are frequently in a difficult position. They may have trouble gaining access to necessary mental health care, which, according to the DSM-5, can significantly influence the treatment of this complex condition. Kasarani's CD sufferers and their families face additional hardships due to economic inequality, making this an issue of particular importance (Kimani, 2022). As economic hardships might worsen the presentation of CD symptoms, it is essential to consider the socioeconomic context when using the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Those with fewer financial resources may have difficulty affording appropriate therapeutic therapies and counseling, which can delay treatment and make CD maintenance more difficult. Individuals who suffer from CD may be unable to recover and alter their behavior if they do not have access to the care and treatment they need because of their mental health condition. Theoretical Models and Control over Conduct Disorders Several theoretical models provide helpful insights for those trying to understand how much agency an individual has over Conduct Disorders (CD) in Kasarani, Nairobi. Albert

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7 Bandura's Social Learning Theory is one such concept that proposes behavior is picked up through modeling and observation. The widespread criminal activity in Kasarani's area might make it more difficult for people to rein in their CDs. According to the DSM-5 criteria, repeated exposure to such acts may normalize and reinforce conduct-disordered activities, making it difficult for individuals to control their conduct (American Psychiatric Association, 2020). The Cognitive-Behavioral Model is another helpful framework since it examines the underlying cognitive and behavioral factors contributing to CD. According to this theory, people may exercise agency over their actions if they learn to recognize and alter dysfunctional thinking and behavior. This model highlights the role of cognitive therapies and the development of coping strategies in reducing the effects of CD in Kasarani, Nairobi. Individuals may improve their ability to govern their behavior and lower the occurrence of CD by focusing on the cognitive underpinnings emphasized in the DSM-5 (Mohammadi et al., 2021). These theoretical models provide helpful frameworks to better understand the dynamics of CD and the extent to which individuals may exert control over this behavioral disease. Conclusion In conclusion, Conduct Disorders (CD) in the neighborhood of Kasarani, Nairobi, result from a multifaceted interaction of circumstances that expand our grasp of this behavioral issue. The terrain on which CD thrives or is mitigated is shaped by biological, environmental, social, and cultural variables. Understanding the complex nature of CD and its myriad origins, symptoms, cultural contexts, and theoretical foundations might shed light on how much agency an individual may have in resolving this behavior problem. Adopting such a broad view allows for creating plans that help residents regain behavioral control and promote a more peaceful communal setting, which benefits everyone in the area.

8 References Albert, B. (2017). Social learning theory of aggression. In Control of aggression (pp. 201-252). Routledge. American Psychiatric Association. (2020). The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia . American Psychiatric Pub. Gitonga, M., Muriungi, S., Ongaro, K., & Omondi, M. (2017). Prevalence of conduct disorder among adolescents in secondary schools: a case of kamukunji and olympic mixed sub- county secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Kimathi, G. K. (2022). Prevalence, Associated Social Factors, and Interventions of Conduct Disorder among Adolescents in Selected Charitable Institutions in Dagoretti South Constituency, Nairobi, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Daystar University School of Applied Human Sciences). Mbiriri, M. (2017). To establish the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, and conduct disorder among girls incarcerated at Kirigiti and Dagoretti Rehabilitation Schools in Kenya. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research. 2 (8) , 4147 , 4166. Mohammadi, M. R., Salmanian, M., & Keshavarzi, Z. (2021). The global prevalence of conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of psychiatry , 16 (2), 205. Richardson, R. (2016). Exploration of the state of mental Healthcare services for youth in Nairobi. Tolentino, J. C., & Schmidt, S. L. (2018). DSM-5 criteria and depression severity: implications for clinical practice. Frontiers in psychiatry , 9 , 450.

SOST 136 ASIGNMENT

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