SCREENING_ASSIGNMENT_3_TO_5_PAGES[1]

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1 United States Preventive Service Taskforce (USPSTF) Nayeli Fanfan Saint Thomas University NUR 514: Advanced FNP: Women's Health Dr Corzo Sanchez, Elisa October 22nd,2023

2 United States Preventive Service Taskforce (USPSTF) Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations: Population Women Age Twenty-One to Sixty-Five. According to the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), middle-aged women between twenty-one and sixty-five years should be screened for cervical cancer at least once every three years. The force recommends only the application of cervical cytology for this screening. Population Women Aged Thirty to Sixty-Five. USPSTF argues that females between the ages of thirty and sixty-five should be screened for cervical cancer using cervical cytology or Pap smear at least once within their years. This population should also be screened at least once every five years using the using high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone. Sawaya et al. (2019) argued that USPSTF support the usage of cytology only for women between the age of thirty and sixty-five at least once within three years. Population Younger than Twenty-One or Over the Age of Sixty-Five However, HPV testing under the age of thirty is not recommended due to not being cost- effective and not providing additional benefits. Cervical cancer screening is not required for women under the age of twenty-one or over sixty-five if they have already undergone an acceptable screening and are not at any increased risk of developing the cancer in any other way (Sawaya et al., 2019). Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations: Population Women Aged Fifty to Seventy-Four Years.

3 According to USPST, women aged fifty to seventy-four years old should undergo biyearly mammography screening since research shows that this is the age group that has been shown to benefit the most from early detection of breast cancer (Hawkins RN PhD WHNP-BC FAAN FAANP et al., 2018). Population Women Aged Forty to Forty-Nine Years. For women aged forty to forty-nine years, the decision to start regular mammography screening basically depends on the individual assessment of the potential harms and merits of the decision (Monticciolo et al., 2021). Population Younger than Fifty Women aged below fifty years old may choose to start regular mammography screening after individually accounting for the possible specific benefits and harms, patient values and preferences, and professional advice. This set of factors allows the individual to make an informed decision on whether to start regular mammography (Monticciolo et al., 2021). Factors that may influence this decision include the person's family history of breast cancer. Osteoporosis Screening Recommendations: For Women Sixty-Five Years and Older, the Population The USPSTF pointed out that the usage of bone measurement testing to examine osteoporosis is applied among females aged sixty years and above. Sixty-Five and Younger screening is advisable for younger females with a high risk for fracture. When accounting for this risk, is it the same or higher in this set of women than that of a sixty-year-old patient, as long there Are no other risk factors. For the Male Population

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4 Osteoporosis condition is commonly associated with postmenopausal women, but it can also affect men. However, the prevalence and consequences of osteoporosis are considerably lower in men than in women. As a result, the USPSTF has determined that the possible harms that can result from periodic or routine screening are significantly higher than the potential benefits. Thus, the USPSTF advises against regular examinations for osteoporosis in males. Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations: The USPSTF stipulated that multiple screening options be used for colorectal cancer, including a colonoscopy, which is done every ten years, high-sensitivity fecal occult blood testing (FOBT0) given every year, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every ten years, which is normally combined with FOBT every three years (Ahmed, 2020). Population Fifty to Seventy-Five Years The USPSTF suggests that people proceed with colorectal cancer screening starting at the age of fifty and continuing until the age of seventy-five. This screening is necessary for early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer. Fortunately, this type of cancer has been identified as the leading prevalent cancer in both males and females in the United States. Population Adults Seventy-Six to Eighty-Five Years It is not advisable to screen because the benefits are small. Type of Screening Different suggested examination techniques for colorectal cancer include hidden fecal blood testing (FOBT), partial colon examination, and complete colon examination. Personal preferences, hazards, and the accessibility of resources should determine the selection of examination techniques. Lung Cancer Screening Recommendations:

5 Population Adults Aged Fifty to Eighty Years Current Smokers and Recent Quitters The USPSTF recommends that individuals aged between fifty to eighty years who have a history of smoking around twenty packs per year and those who quit within the past fifteen years should undergo an "annual low dose computed tomography LDCT screening for lung cancer" (Krist et al., 2021). Smoking cessation or a health issue that restricts life expectancy or the ability to or willingly pursue lung surgery should be avoided before screening (Krist et al., 2021). Ovarian Cancer Screening Recommendations: Population Asymptomatic Woman The USPSTF is against having a routine or regular ovarian cancer screening for women who are not at increased risk or those who are asymptomatic. The reason behind this is that most current screening methods have not been shown to be effective in reducing ovarian cancer- related deaths. Available Screening The available screening tests, including transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 blood test, have not been shown to reduce ovarian cancer mortality and may lead to false-positive results and unnecessary surgeries (Sawaya et al., 2019). Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening Recommendations: Population Women of Reproductive Age The USPSTF states that clinicians should screen women at reproductive age for intimate partner violence (IPV). This is critical in allowing timely provision or referral of women who screen positive to intervention services to get help. The USPSTF also recommends that clinicians

6 be observed and kneel to note any signs and symptoms of any form of abuse for the patient and provide appropriate support on time. Population Men Regarding men screening for IPV, the USPSTF could not gather sufficient information expounding on the possible benefits and harms of IPV screening among men.

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7 References Ahmed, M. (2020). Colon Cancer: A Clinician's Perspective in 2019. Gastroenterology Research , 13 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14740/gr1239 Hawkins RN PhD WHNP-BC FAAN FAANP, J. W., Roberto-Nichols BS APRN-C, D. M., & Stanley-Haney MA APRN-C, J. L. (2018). Guidelines for Nurse Practitioners in Gynecologic Settings, 11th Edition – A Comprehensive Gynecology Textbook, Updated Chapters for Assessment and Management of Women's Gynecologic Health (11th ed.). Springer Publishing Company. Krist, A. H., Davidson, K. W., Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., Davis, E. M., Donahue, K. E., Doubeni, C. A., Kubik, M., Landefeld, C. S., Li, L., Ogedegbe, G., Owens, D. K., Pbert, L., Silverstein, M., Stevermer, J., Tseng, C.-W., & Wong, J. B. (2021). Screening for Lung Cancer. JAMA , 325 (10), 962. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1117 Monticciolo, D. L., Malak, S. F., Friedewald, S. M., Eby, P. R., Newell, M. S., Moy, L., Destounis, S., Leung, J. W., Hendrick, R. E., & Smetherman, D. (2021). Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations Inclusive of All Women at Average Risk: Update from the ACR and Society of Breast Imaging. Journal of the American College of Radiology , 18 (9), 1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2021.04.021 Sawaya, G. F., Smith-McCune, K., & Kuppermann, M. (2019). Cervical Cancer Screening. JAMA , 321 (20), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4595

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