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The vaccination against COVID-19 is a major point of contention. Some people support it, while others do not. The CDC states that the goal of the Covid-19 vaccine is to develop herd immunity, or community immunity, whereby a sufficient portion of the population is protected from the virus and, as a result, transmission is considerably slowed down to eradicate the illness [ CITATION Sin21 \l 1033 ]. It may take months (in countries with developed health systems) or years to reach the target through vaccination because vaccinologists are unsure of the magic number (fraction of the immune population) to obtain effective herd immunity for COVID-19; however, they estimate it to be somewhere around 70% of the population [ CITATION Sin21 \l 1033 ]. Additionally, those of reproductive age who intend to become parents within the next three years are advised to avoid Covid-19, particularly mRNA-based vaccines, because they may be concerned about unintended mutations in germ cells (this is not openly discussed because it may further decrease the acceptability of the vaccines) [ CITATION Sin21 \l 1033 ]. Scientists claim that Covid-19 antibodies persisted at a satisfactory level even after 6–8 months of infection, by evidence-based practice. As a result, it is thought that immunological memory cells and levels of long-lasting antibodies may lower the severity of a re-infection [ CITATION Sin21 \l 1033 ]. The biggest controversy surrounding the Covid-19 vaccine is whether people think that vaccines from various manufacturers have varying effects or whether, as social media has demonstrated, some may turn a person into a mutated monster. Due to the safety and effectiveness of all currently permitted and advised doses, the CDC does not prefer one COVID-19 immunization over another [ CITATION Deb20 \l 1033 ]. The most important decision is to decide to get vaccinated against COVID-19 as soon as is

practical. Widespread immunization is an essential step to stop the pandemic (CDC, 2023). The J&J/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine carries a risk of a rare illness called thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), which should be known to the public. Blood clots with low platelet levels are a symptom of the dangerous disease TTS. Most reports of this condition, which is uncommon, were made by women between the ages of 18 and 49. This issue is even rarer in women over 50 and in men of any age (CDC, 2023). References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Frequently asked questions about covid-19 vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html?s_cid=11628:how %20long%20does%20a%20covid-19. Deb, B., Shah, H., & Goel, S. (2020). Current global vaccine and drug efforts against COVID- 19: Pros and cons of bypassing animal trials. Journal of Biosciences , 45, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-00053-2. Singh, B. R., Gandharava, S., & Gandharva, R. (2021). Covid-19 vaccines and Community Immunity. Infectious Diseases Research , 2(1), 5. doi: 10.12032/IDR2021B0207001.

R1 The systematic administration of vaccines is regarded as "one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century" and saves lives (Glanz et al., 2016, para. In the same way, as vaccinations have eliminated diseases, they have also reduced deaths and contributed to the development of herd immunity (World Health Organization, 2017, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2016, Boyd, 2016). In the United States and around the world, vaccinations have long been a contentious issue. Many people believe that vaccinations are beneficial, while others claim they are more harmful than beneficial. The SARS/Covid-19 epidemic has harmed the lives of several families and communities since 2020 (Kremer, 2020). It has also disturbed our economic structure. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), vaccinations have shielded kids born between 1194 and 2018 from an estimated 419 million illnesses, 26.8 million hospital stays, and 936,000 premature deaths (ProCon, 2021). Other benefits of vaccinations include the proof that they are "safe" (WHO, 2020), that adverse effects are uncommon, and that they confer "head" immunity. Some people advocate against immunizations. They frequently claim that children's immune systems can handle the majority of diseases and that the chemicals in vaccines can lead to "seizures, paralysis, and even death" in young children (ProCon, 2021). R2 Though vaccines, like medications, cannot promise to be 100% free of side effects, most studies show these side effects to be minimal (World Health Organization, 2021). However, though rare, vaccines can have severe side effects that can cause neurological damage, paralysis, and even death (hrsa.gov, 2017). Vaccines are also not

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100% effective and can give a false sense of protection (The Immunization Advisory Centre, 2020). Live vaccines can shed and cause the very diseases they are trying to prevent (Hsieh et al., 2014), though this could be minimized if those who refuse vaccines for non-medical reasons would vaccinate. Approaching patients with questions about the safety of vaccinations can be challenging. Healthcare professionals, according to a WHO vaccine advisory panel, are essential in fostering public confidence in immunizations (Isaac, 2019). Healthcare professionals should discuss the benefits of vaccinations as well as scientifically validated information on their safety and effectiveness. Effective communication and a trusting environment, in my opinion, will help patients get over their reservations about getting shots. Reference Boyd, R. (2016, April 18). AAP.org. Retrieved November 2, 2019, from https://www.aap.org/en-us/aap-voices/Pages/It-Takes-a-Herd.aspx Hsieh, Y., Wu, F., Hsiung, C. A., Wu, H., Chang, K., & Huang, Y. (2014). Comparison of virus shedding after lived attenuated and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine, 32(10), 1199-1204. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041 Isaacs, D. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy and anti‐vaccination movements. Journal of Paediatircs and Child Health. 55(11), 1293-1294 . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpc.14581 Kremer, E. (2020). Pros and Cons of Adenoirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Molecular Therapy 28(11), 2303-2304. https://www-ncbi-nlm- nihgov.va.proxy.liblynxgateway.com/pmc/articles/PMC7546260/ ProCon.org. (2021). Should vaccines be required for children? Vaccines. https://vaccines.procon.org/ .

The Immunization Advisory Centre. (2020). Efficacy and effectiveness. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://www.immune.org.nz/vaccines/efficiency-effectiveness World Health Organization. (2021). WHO | Six common misconceptions about immunization. Retrieved August 28, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/vaccines-and- immunization-myths-and-misconceptions World Health Organization. (2017). The power of vaccines: still not fully utilized. Retrieved August 29, 2021, from https://www.who.int/publications/10-year-review/chapter-vaccines.pdf

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