bloodpressure_CS
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School
Oklahoma City Community College *
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Course
3152
Subject
Medicine
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
5
Uploaded by crush1506
1.
What signs and symptoms did Greg exhibit when he was in the house? Pass out, dizzy, thirsty (dehydrated), his skin did not spring back, weekness. 2.
Was Mrs. Myron correct when she said that Greg was dehydrated? Which signs and symptoms are consistent with this notion? Yes, she was correct, it can be explained by :
elasticity of Greg’s skin when it did not spring back
he felt really thirsty right after he woke up
He passed out
And dizzy feeling Those symptoms are all symptoms of dehydration. 3.
Explain how each sign or symptom can be created by dehydration.
Passing out or fainting: Severe dehydration can lead to decreased blood volume and blood pressure -> can cause passing out
Weakness: Dehydration reduces blood volume and impairs oxygen delivery to tissue, leading to fatigue and weakness.
Dizziness: Dehydration can disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body; it can affect brain function and lead to dizziness.
Thirst: Dehydration triggers the body’s thirst mechanism. 4.
Mrs. Myron thought that it was not necessary to seek medical treatment. Do you think she was correct?
It depends. If Greg's symptoms get better after he is hydrated, then he
doesn’t need to seek medical treatment. However, if the symptoms do not improve and keep getting worse or he fails to improve hydration, it is necessary to seek medical treatment. Because severe Dehydration can lead to many serious problems. Part II 1.
What were Greg’s signs and symptoms before the game and during the warm up?
Dizziness, lack of appetite, feeling flushed, sweating profusely, and feeling weak or fatigued. 2.
Can you think of any reasons why Greg exhibited these signs and symptoms?
He is Dehydrated – Possibly from alcohol consumption from the party the day before
He may also have heat exhaustion or heat stroke. 3.
Greg is taken to the hospital after being injured during the game. What problems do you think the physicians will find with Greg when they examine him, or do you think he is only suffering from dehydration?
Besides dehydration, they may find him suffering heat exhaustion, heat stroke, or possibly damage due to the impact he received at the end of the game. 4.
If you were a doctor in the Emergency Room, describe two tests you would run to determine Greg’s problems. For each test, predict the results you would expect.
Electrolytes level test: dehydration always affects the balance of electrolytes in the body.
Neurological examination, including cognitive and motor function tests, to make sure his head has no injury after the concussion.
X-ray to see if any broken bone Part III
What are Greg’s new signs and symptoms?
His new symptoms are: feeling weakness, bad headache, feeling dizzy, and seeing flashing lights.
Baroreceptors are responsible for monitoring blood pressure. Where are the baroreceptors located in your body?
Baroreceptors are located in various parts of the body, but the two important locations for monitoring blood pressure are the carotid sinus in the carotid artery and the aortic arch in the aorta.
Now, you will design a pressure receptor. First, draw a circle on a piece of paper and then draw two or three lines
from the center to beyond the perimeter of the circle. Imagine that the circle represents a balloon and the lines
are threads, which are attached to the surface of the balloon. How would blowing into the balloon, to increase the pressure of the air inside, affect:
The size of the balloon? o
Size of the balloon will increase if air pressure increase
The threads attached to the surface of the balloon?
o
The threads attached to the surface will stretch
Imagine that the threads are the terminals and axons of sensory neurons. If the terminals are sensitive to stretch, what will happen to the frequency of the action potentials in the axons as the pressure inside the balloon is changed?
o
The action potential frequency will increase when the balloon is inflated and vice versa.
What parts of your model (question #3) are analogous to the carotid sinus, the sensory nerve endings, and the arterial blood?
The balloon represents arterial blood vessels. The threads represent the sensory nerve ending (baroreceptors) The pressure inside the balloon represent the arterial blood pressure.
Baroreceptors send sensory information to the medulla in your brain, which then stimulates the autonomic
nervous system; this is a critical part
of the baroreceptor reflex. What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
The two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system is the
sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
The chart below shows that when baroreceptors detect a drop in arterial blood pressure, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart and
the smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries and the veins. Use an upward arrow (to represent an increase) or a downward arrow (to represent a decrease) to indicate the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the variable in each numbered box.
1.
HR: increase 2.
Cardiac output: increase 3.
Force of contraction: increase 4.
End systolic volume: increase
5.
Cardiac output: increase 6.
Diameter of artery: decrease 7.
Arterial blood flow: increase 8.
Diameter of vein: decrease 9.
End-diastolic vol: increase 10. Cardiac output: increase
Do you have a diagnosis for Greg’s problem?
Based on his symptoms and test results, he is likely to have experienced dehydration and insufficient nutrients due to being dehydrated from the party the night before and not eating enough before being physically active. Possibly post-concussion syndrome.
Describe one additional neurological test you would perform to determine what is wrong with Greg. Based on your hypothesis, predict the results you would expect from your test.
Additional tests, such as an MRI or CT scan, could be conducted to further evaluate Greg's headache, and post-concussion of the game.
Additionally, a comprehensive neurological examination encompassing assessments of motor and sensory functions, reflexes, coordination, and mental status would be essential.
Based on the hypothesis, these tests may reveal damage to the sensory nerve endings (baroreceptors), resulting in decreased heart
rate and blood pressure. When combined with dehydration, these factors could explain Greg's symptoms.
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Part IV
1.
What part of the nervous system was Dr. Rose checking when she shone a light into Greg’s eyes? She measured Greg’s autonomic function when she shone a light into his eyes. (pupillary reflex) 2.
What part of the nervous system was Dr. Rose checking when she hit Greg’s patella tendon with a rubber hammer? She meant to check his patellar reflex (knee-jerk reflex), which
is a part of the somatic nervous system.
3.
What part of the nervous system was Dr. Rose checking when she ran her pen along the underside of Greg’s foot? She was checking for Babinski reflex. This reflex is also a part of the somatic nervous system. 4.
What evidence suggests that Greg suffered from a mild concussion? Due to his reported symtomps of headache, dizziness, seeing flashing lights – decreasing
5.
What types of symptoms would you expect if Greg’s concussion had been more severe? He may experience more intense symptoms such as prolonged loss of consciousness, severe headache, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking, etc. 6.
Do you wish to modify your diagnosis of Greg’s long-term problem?
I think Dr. Rose's diagnosis of Greg’s long-term problem is pretty solid. However, further MRI results can provide a better insight into any potential long-term effect. Part V 1.
Imagine a fountain where water is being shot into the air. What happens to the pressure of the water as it travels against gravity?
Pressure will decrease if it move against the gravity 2.
What is the relative position between the heart and the head (or baroreceptors in the carotid sinus) when you are lying down?
The relative position between the heart and the head (or baroreceptors in the carotid sinus) is at approximately the same level. 3.
What is the relative position between the heart and the head (or baroreceptors in the carotid sinus) when you are standing?
The position of your head will be higher (stay above) the heart. 4.
What happens to the pressure of the blood as it travels against gravity in a standing person?
When blood travels against gravity in a standing person, it will increase the blood pressure due to the force required to pump blood upward.
5.
The baroreceptor reflex ensures that the pressure of the blood entering
the brain remains within defined limits, irrespective of body position. Under these circumstances, predict the blood pressure in the aorta of a
standing person and someone lying flat on their back.
In a standing person, the blood pressure in the aorta would be higher compared to a person lying flat on their back. 6.
Suppose the baroreceptor reflex functions to maintain a constant pressure in the blood entering the brain. How does the circulatory system compensate for a person going from a lying to a standing position? Refer to the diagram in question #6 in Part III if necessary.
The circulatory system compensates for a person going from lying to a standing position by initiating the baroreceptor reflex. When a person stands up, blood pressure will temporarily drop. The baroreceptor reflex will recognize this drop -> respond in an increased heart rate and constricting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure -> to maintain homeostasis. 7.
Do you wish to modify your diagnosis of Greg’s problem?
He seems to have experienced issues with blood pressure regulation during position change, possibly orthostatic hypotension or something similar. But further exams may require for a better result.
Part VI 1.
What tests do you think the cardiologist will order? The cardiologist may order various test to evaluate Greg’s cardiac function and determine the best course of treatment. The test can include ECG or EKG -> electric activity of heart. Echocardiogram for heart’s structure and function. Or genetic test to confirm the diagnosis of FD 2.
If a pacemaker is implanted to control Greg’s heart rate, what life changes will be forced upon him? He will need to change his lifestyle even though the pacemaker is implanted. He must avoid in contact or physically activity that can possibly damage the device. He must stay away from strong-impact sport. 3. Do you think Greg will ever play competitive sports again?
It depend on how well the treatment and his health condition will getting after the treatment. If it is a genetic disorder, then he will need to watch his activities because the disorder is uncurable. In the case that he really want to play competitive sport, extra precaution must be stay aware.