exam 1

Chapter 1 Medical language allows health care professionals to: •Be clear. •Communicate quickly. •Provide comfort to patients. Medical language comes mostly from two ancient languages: Greek and Latin eponym •epi(upon) onyma(name) "to put your name on something." •formed by including the name of the person who discovered or invented whatever is being described. •Lou Gehrig's disease acronym •acre(high, end) onyma(name) "to make a name with the ends." •made up of the first letters of each of the words that make up a phrase. •MRI The 3 modern languages medical terms are derived from German, French, and English Ultima the last syllable Penult the almost-last syllable Antepenult the next to last syllable Root foundation or subject of the term suffix ending that gives essential meaning to the term, like verb Prefix added to the beginning of a term when needed to further modify the root, like adjective The "suffixes" turn the root into "Adjective"(simple suffix) often mean pertaining to The "suffixes" turn the root into "Nouns"(simple suffix) different meaning but all are nouns When the "suffixes" is "Diminutive"(simple suffix) the meaning is transformed into " smaller version of the root" test procedure done in order to diagnose treatment process done after a diagnosis to fix problem zplural form of -a, ex. vertebra, larva -ae, ex. vertebrae, larvae plural form of -ax, ex. thorax -aces, ex. thoraces plural form of -ex, ex. cortex -ices, ex. cortices plural form of -ix, ex. appendix -ices, ex. appendices plural form of -is, ex. neurosis, diagnosis -es, ex. neuroses, diagnoses plural form of -ma, ex. sarcoma, carcinoma -mata, ex. sarczmata, carcinomata plural form of -on, ex. spermatozoon(spr-ma-tuh-zow-uhn), ganglion -a, ex. spermatozoa, ganglia plural form of -um, ex. datum, bacterium, ovum -a, ex. data, bacteria, ova(egg) plural form of -us, ex. nucleus, alveolus, thrombus -i, ex. nuclei, alveoli, thrombi plural form of -y, ex. biopsy, myopathy -ies, ex. biopsies, myopathies

arthr/o joint cardi/o heart enter/o small intestine gastr/o stomach hepat/o liver neur/o nerve hem/o(HEE-moh), hemat/o blood my/o, muscul/o muscle angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o vessel derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o skin pneum/o, pneumon/o(noo-MAW- noh), pulmon/o(PUL-maw-noh) lung gen/o(JIN-oh) creation, cause hydr/o water morph/o change myc/o fungus necr/o death orth/o straight path/o suffering, disease phag/o eat plas/o formation py/o pus scler/o hard sten/o narrowing troph/o. nourishment, development xen/o foreign aden/o gland bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o, sect/o to cut crin/o to secrete cyst/o urinary bladder cyt/o cell electr/o electricity encephal/o brain erythr/o red glyc/o sugar gnos/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female iatr/o treatment. physician leuk/o white nephr/o, ren/o kidney onc/o tumor ophathalm/o eye oste/o bone ped/o child/ foot psych/o mind radi/o x-rays rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh thromb/o clot, clotting ur/o urinary tract, urine genit/o to birth -ac -al -ar -ary -eal -ic -tic -ous pertaining to -ism -ia condition -ium tissue, structure -y condition, procedure -icle -ole -ule -ula small -iatrics -iatry(AI-ah-tree) medical science -iatrist specialist in medicine of -ist specialist -logist specialist in the study of -logy study of -algia -dynia (DAI-nee-ah) pain -cele hernia -emia (EE-mee-ah) blood condition -iasis (AI-ah-sis) presence of -itis I nflammation -lysis loosen, break down -malacia abnormal softening -magaly enlargement -oid resembling -oma tumor -osis condition -pathy disease -penia deficiency -ptosis drooping -rrhage -rrhagia excessive flow

Chapter 2 Health records or electronic health record (EHR) includes: •previous illnesses and treatments •continuing medical problems •history of family illnesses •current medications health record help to determine care plan SOAP stands for subjective, objective, assessment, plan Subjective includes •main reason for visit •description of problem •timing of the problem •previous medical problems or surgeries •family health problems •current medications and allergies acute recently start or is sharp, severe symptom chronic been going on for a while abrupt sudden exacerbation getting worse progressive more and more each day(good) febrile have a fever afebrile not have a fever malaise not felling well symptom what patient feels noncontributory not related to this specific problem l ethargic decrease in level of consciousness genetic, hereditary(hah-REH-dih-TEH- ree) runs in the family, inherited Objective includes the tests, the images, the data, look, sound, feel, smell, observation from health care provider, vital signs alert able to answer question, responsive, interactive oriented know who, where, when; being aware of who he or she is, where he or she is, and the current time; a patient who is aware of all three is "oriented × 3" marked stands out unremarkable normal auscultation to listen with a stethoscope percussion to hit something and listen to the resulting sound or feel for the resulting vibration palpation to feel impression assessment diagnosis what the health care professional thinks the patient has differential diagnosis a list of conditions the patient may have benign safe malignant dangerous, a problem remission get better, improve (often used when discuss cancer, ≠cure) degeneration getting worse etiology cause idiopathic unknown cause localized

stays in a certain part of the body systemic, generalized all over the body (or most of it) morbidity the risk for being sick mortality the risk for dying prognosis the chances for things getting better or worse occult hidden pathogen the organism that causes the problem lesion diseased tissue recurrent to have again sequelae a problem resulting from a disease or injury pending waiting for Plan includes medication, surgery, further tests, among other options disposition what happened to the patient at the end of the visit discharge to send home; fluid coming out of a part of the body prophylaxis preventive treatment palliative treating the symptoms, but not actually getting rid of the cause observation watch, keep an eye on reassurance to tell the patient that the problem is not serious or dangerous supportive care to treat the symptoms and make the patient feel better (not cure) sterile extremely clean, germ-free conditions (especially important during medical procedures and surgery) proximal Closer to the point of attachment distal away from the point of attachment lateral away from the midline medial toward the midline ventral belly side antral, anterior front dorsal back side ( 背 human body's back) posterior back side ( 後 opposite of front) cranial toward the head caudal toward the tail superior above inferior below prone lying down on belly (back up) supine lying down on back (face up) contralateral opposite side (ex. left hand and right brain) ipsilateral same side unilateral one side bilateral both sides dorsum top of the hand or foot palmar palm of hand plantar sole of foot

Trained and licensed in preparing and dispensing medicine Pharmacy Technician Trained to assist a pharmacist with pharmacy-related tasks patient service coordinator handles administrative tasks and coordinates patient care Medical Transcriptionist trained in converting the voice- recorded dictations of health care providers into text format chief complaint the main reason for the patient's visit history of present illness the story of the patient's problem review of systems description of individual body systems in order to discover any symptoms not directly related to the main problem past medical history other significant past illnesses, like high blood pressure, asthma, or diabetes past surgical history any of the patient's past surgeries family history any significant illnesses that run in the patient's family Social History a record of habits like smoking, drinking, drug abuse, and sexual practices that can impact health CCU coronary(heart) care unit ECU emergency care unit ER emergency room ED emergency department ICU intensive care unit PICU pediatric intensive care unit NICU neonatal(new born baby) intensive care unit SICU surgical intensive care unit PACU post-anesthesia care unit L&D labor and delivery(give birth) OR operating room (surgery) pre-op before surgery post-op after surgery (B) bilateral VS vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure; TPR&BP) T temperature BP blood pressure HR heart rate RR respiratory rate Ht height Wt weight BMI body mass index I/O intake/output (fluids) Dx diagnosis DDx differential diagnosis Tx treatment Rx prescription H&P history and physical(exam) Hx

history CC chief complaint HPI history of present illness (the story of the symptoms) ROS review of systems (anything else not directly related to the chief complaint) PMHx past medical history FHx family history NKDA no known drug allergies PE physical exam Pt patient y/o years old h/o history of PCP primary care provider f/u follow up SOB shortness of breath HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose and throat PERRLA pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation(adjustable) NAD no acute distress/disease CV cardiovascular RRR Regular rate and rhythm (normal heart sounds) CTA clear to auscultation (description of normal-sounding lungs) WDWN well developed, well nourished A&O alert and oriented WNL within normal limits NOS not otherwise specified NEC not elsewhere classified PO per os (by mouth, Latin) NPO nil per os (nothing by mouth) PR per rectum (by anal) IM intramuscular SC subcutaneous IV intravenous (in the vein) CVL central venous line ( 導管 ) PICC peripherally inserted central catheter Sig signa (for label, instruction) Q every__________ BID twice a day (bis in die) TID three times a day (ter in die) QID four times a day (quater in die, avoid using now) QD every day (quaque die, avoid using now) QHS at night (quaque hora somni) AC before meals (ante cibum) PC after meals (post cibum) prn as needed (per re nata) ad lib as desired (ad libitum)

integumentary system the skin and its accessory structures such as hair and nails Keratin hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails Melanin Skin pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis pore tiny opening on the surface of the skin sebaceous glands oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles sebum oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands squamous epithelium flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis stratified arranged in layers stratum (plural: strata) a layer (of cells) stratum corneum outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells albin/o white caus/o burn, burning cauter/o heat, burn diaphr/o profuse sweating erythem/o, erythemat/o redness ichthy/o, xer/o dry, scaly pustule elevation of skin containing pus wheal smooth, slightly raised swollen area, edema cyst fluid or semisolid thick-walled filled sac Vesicle clear, fluid-filled blister crust (scab) dried serum and cellular debris polyp benign growth extending from the surface of the mucous membrane Macule Discolored, flat Erosion wearing away or loss of epidermis nodule solid, elevated, larger than 1 cm fissure Slit, groove ulcer Open sore on skin or mucous membrane papule small, solid skin elevation, pimple or plaque lesion tissue destruction alopecia absence of hair from areas where it normally grows Trichotillomania hair pulling disorder (form of alopecia)

petechia pinpoint skin hemorrhage urticaria an acute allergic reaction with red, round wheals on the skin (hives) acne papular and pustular eruption of skin with increased production of sebum Burns tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Cellulitis diffuse, acute infection of the skin eczema (atopic dermatitis) inflammation of the skin with erythematous and papulovesicular lesions caused by allergy exanthematous viral disease Rash due to virus (ex: chicken pox varicella virus) gangrene death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply Impetigo contagious pyoderma caused by staph or strep Psoriasis chronic recurrent dermatosis with silver gray scales that itch Scabies parasitic (tiny mites) and infectious pruritus scleroderma A chronic progressive disease of the skin with hardening of connective tissue. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) an inflammatory disease of collagen in the skin, joints, and internal organs Tinea infection of the skin caused by a fungus (ringworm, athlete's foot) callus (benign) increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction keloid (benign) hypertrophied, thickened scar developing after trauma or surgery Keratosis (benign) Thickened area of epidermis Leukoplakia (benign) White, thickened patches on tongue or cheek nevus (pl. nevi) (benign) Pigmented lesion Verruca (benign) Warts caused by a virus basal cell carcinoma-cancerous malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis (susceptible to AIDS patients) squamous cell carcinoma- cancerous Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis (susceptible to AIDS patients) Kaposi's sarcoma-cancerous Malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by

unable to see the color yellow What determines skin color? We all have the same amount of melanocytes. It is the melanin production that changes dermatalgia/dermatodynia skin pain pruritus An itch urticaria hives seborrhea oily discharge xerosis condition of dryness macerate to soften the skin hyperhidrosis excessive sweating anhidrosis lack of sweating Depigmentation loss of pigmentation hypermelanosis darkening of the skin Hypertrichosis excessive hair growth comedo a plugged hair follicle; also known as a white head or black head dermatolysis loose skin; often seen with a great amount of weight loss hemathidrosis sweating blood xanthoderma yellow skin rhytidermia wrinkled skin onychophagia eating the nails (nail biting) hypomelanosis diminished melanin in the skin localized vs generalized Rash in one area vs. it has spread to other areas Centrifugal vs Centripetal Started in the middle then spread outward vs. started outside and then spread inward How large are papules? <1cm How large are nodules? >1cm What do papules and nodules look like? Both are raised What do plaques look like? Large and flat Vesicles <1cm and filled with clear fluid Bullae >1cm and filled with clear fluid (blisters) pustule papule containing pus Abscesses large pustules Macule flat, colored spot on the skin (freckle) patches large macules cherry angioma raised collection of blood vessels Telangiectasia flat collection of blood vessels petechiae small, pinpoint hemorrhages (bruise)

Ecchymosis large bruise first degree burn Affects superficial layer of skin; sunburn second degree burn Deeper burn involving the dermis third degree burn Reaches subcutaneous layer fourth degree burn -Involves fascia, muscle, and bone skin biopsy Sampling of the skin tissue to determine the cause of an abnormality. Helps determine if the patient has a fungal, bacterial, or viral infection Excision (diagnostic procedure) Surgical removal. An excisional biopsy is the removal of a lesion shave biopsy takes small slices of the lesion punch biopsy Removes a circular area of the skin, much like a hole punch cicatrix latin for scar Keloid overgrowth of scar tissue Nevus Latin for mole or birthmark Dysplastic nevus a mole with bad changes/formations (often precancerous) verruca wart dermatoscope instrument used to view the skin dermoscopy process of viewing the skin adipocele a hernia filled with fatty tissue dermatofibroma fibrous skin tumor erythrocyanosis a red and/or blue discoloration of the skin keratogenic causing horny tissue development keratosis horny tissue condition necrosis tissue death pachyderma Tough skin steatoma fatty tumor xanthoma yellow tumor onychia Nail condition Onycholysis the loss of a nail onychomalacia abnormal softening of a nail onychopathy nail disease onychophagia nail biting paronychia a condition of the tissue around a nail onych/o nail What are the categories of skin conditions? Infections, inflammation, tumors, or changes in the skin

chemicals, vacuums, cold, lasers, electricity, surgery Procedures to treat the integumentary system: chemicals Chemotherapy and chemosurgery Procedures to treat the integumentary system: cold Cryosurgery Procedures to treat the integumentary system: electricity Electrosurgery and electrodesiccation Procedures to treat the integumentary system: lasers Dermabrasion Procedures to treat the integumentary system: vacuum Liposuction Mohs micrographic surgery Used to remove advanced, recurrent skin cancers with minimal removal of normal tissue. Very thin layers of skin are removed until no cancerous cells are seen with a microscope Micrography Mapping out skin grafting replacement of dead skin with live skin Epidermal (general terms) Pertaining to the skin intradermal pertaining to inside the skin hypodermic, subcutaneous pertaining to under the skin Percutaneous and transdermal Pertaining to through the skin. Percutaneous often used with surgical procedures while the term transdermal is used when referring to medication delivery topical applied to the surface of the skin chemotherapy treatment with chemicals cryosurgery destruction of tissue by using extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen (wart removal) chemosurgery removal of tissue that has been destroyed by chemicals electrocauterization Burning tissue to destroy it (using electricity). electrodessication Drying the tissue with electricity to destroy it incision and drainage (I&D) Cutting and draining infected tissue lipectomy removal of fatty tissue liposuction vacuuming of fatty tissue onychectomy incision into a nail (may be done by removing fluid underneath the nail, such as a blood blister) rhytidoplasty surgical treatment of wrinkled skin heterograft a graft from another species xenograft a graft from another species

homograft graft from same species autograft skin graft from a person's own body antipruritic prevents itching antibiotic Opposes growth of microorganisms anesthetic temporarily blocks sensation antiseptic Prevents sepsis by killing organisms Antihistamines Opposes effects of histamines C&S culture and sensitivity ID intradermal AK actinic keratosis hidr/o sweat onchy/o, ungu/o nail seb/o, sebace/o oil kerat/o hard, horny hidropoiesis the formation of sweat macerate to soften the skin rhytidermia wrinkled skin sebopoiesis formation of oil (sebum) seborrhea discharge of sebum Bulla large blister Excoriation A scratch telangiectasia (spider angioma) the overexpansion of the end of a blood vessel cicatrix scar Fissure a crack in the skin