Health promotion in Minority population.

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Grand Canyon University *

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Medicine

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Black/African American Esther Adedeji NRS 429VN Shelly Liu 11/12/2023

2 Black/African American Purpose and Thesis The African American community is a vulnerable population as it is challenged by perceived discrimination and resource constraints. For instance, spiritual practices, such as language barriers, are a significant population concern. Notably, the cultural relativism theory requires the consideration of contexts to ascertain community influence on the population. Despite the health status issues affecting the African American community, such as systemic segregation, nutritional challenges, and perceived discrimination, the application of the Integrated Community Action Approach (ICAA) is strategic in implementing the care plan through awareness, screening, and policymaking. Description of the Ethnic Group African Americans are a minority population in the U.S. Data from the CDC illustrate that the minority group has had a positive change in population size, with an average of 57 births per 1,000 women in 2022 (CDC, 2021). As indicated in the Healthy People 2030, more than 17.1% of the population experience different forms of discrimination, including access to and affordability of healthcare. The noted disparities justify that it is a minority and vulnerable community. Description of the Current Health Status for This Group Extensive discrimination, low educational attainment, and unemployment have contributed to the deteriorating health status of the population. According to the CDC, more than 18.8% of adults and approximately 5% of children have worsening medical conditions, hence a poor health status in this population. For instance, access and utilization of health for chronic infections such as HIV was lowest among African Americans (Healthy People 2030). Besides,

3 there is low health risk perception, ineffective health promotions, and resource constraints to support interventions. Ways Race and Ethnicity Influence Health for The Group Systemic racism is a significant deterrent to access to healthcare services for African Americans. As Johnson-Agbakwu et al. (2020) illustrated , structural racism has caused legal segregation in essential levels such as health policymaking, resulting in poor health status for vulnerable groups. Ethnicity is associated with inequities in the distribution of resources in the community. In the long run, the inequality is reflected in the unaffordability of adequate and frequent health services. The Health Disparities That Exist in The Group Expansive health disparities exist among African Americans. For instance, they record higher rates of chronic infections, cancers, and lifestyle conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. Como et al. (2019) point out that African American children had a 6% probability of oral health disparities. The health disparities are caused by other aspects of segregation, such as unemployment, lower educational exposure, crime, and unstable income. Nutritional Challenges for The Group Lack of access to adequate nutrition and insufficient balanced diet among African Americans is a major determinant of health. Nassim et al. (2020) found lower nutritional self- efficacy among older African Americans due to unreliable and unhealthy eating. Secondly, increased consumption of junk foods has resulted in a larger percentage of the population being diagnosed with lifestyle conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Barriers to Health

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4 Perceived discrimination and medical mistrust are African Americans' leading cultural barriers to health. According to Simons et al. (2021), the high rate of prejudice and discrimination has created a negative attitude against seeking healthcare. Low socioeconomic status is reflected in challenges in accessing sources of income, resulting in limited access to specialized care. Likewise, low educational attainment has resulted in a decline in health- perceived risk, preventing service delivery. A negative attitude against government policies, such as health insurance, has prevented full coverage of this target population. Health Promotion Activities Social media promotional strategies are common among African Americans through platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Mheidly and Fares (2020) noted that using the media as a health promotion tool has proven effective in improving care delivery. Community screening and medical camps are also strategic and effective strategies within this population. For instance, they implement screening for cancers and other conditions such as hypertension and HIV. Description of One Approach Integrated Community Action Approach (ICAA) . An integrated community action plan is a strategic approach to implementing a care plan for the target population. Primary : Under the primary level, the ICAA effectively creates awareness of a health burden, such as obesity, in the population. The approach would utilize educative material and health education in the community. Awareness through health promotion would be strategic in ensuring that the society members in the target population are aware of the health risks and ways to mitigate an increase in health burden. Secondary : Under secondary level. The ICAA would embark on a community screening and treatment medical camp. The secondary level requires screening and health vigilance to

5 ascertain the number of people affected by the health burdens. Likewise, the secondary level entails treatment options in the targeted population. Tertiary : The tertiary level would entail monitoring the community to ensure adherence to a healthy lifestyle and mitigation of relapses. The tertiary level facilitates the process of plans and research development, community monitoring, utilization of feedback, and policy formulation. Using the ICAA, a community health maintenance policy would be the most effective tertiary intervention, focusing on future health developments to improve the population’s status. Reasons It Might Be the Most Effective Choice Implementing ICAA would be most effective for the community as it incorporates a wholesome approach. Specifically, the approach gains control of disease surveillance, engages the stakeholders, and trains the population as a way of creating awareness. Moreover, it offers effective care through screening and medical follow-ups. Besides, the approach provides an inclusive platform for all the stakeholders to resolve the health disparity. Cultural Beliefs Spirituality practices, language barriers, and belief in alternative or traditional medicine must be considered in developing a care plan. As illustrated by Kokorelias et al. (2019), religious participation is a critical part of the health beliefs in some families. As a result, its consideration would improve health perception. Additionally, languages are a core aspect of cultural practice. To enhance the efficiency of care plans, a language barrier must be anticipated, and a solution established, such as using interpreters. In other cases, beliefs in traditional medicine and alternatives should be considered, as some could have contraindications with the conventional modes of treatment in a care plan.

6 Cultural Theory Cultural relativism theory would best support health promotions for the selected group. Notably, the theory focuses on disregarding a universal understanding of culture and embraces contextual settings in resolving cultural issues. In this way, the theory would support health promotions by presenting contextualized solutions considering current challenges. Similarly, the theory is practical as it accommodates changes that could have happened in a culture, making health promotions more impactful. Conclusion African Americans are a minority and a vulnerable group in the United States. The current health status is characterized by a high percentage of children with worsening health conditions and increased community infections. Race and ethnicity impact negatively on health progress due to low income and health risk perception. The primary health promotions in the community entail social media and medical camps. Through the ICAA, awareness, screening, and health policy development would be implemented. Cultural relativism theory requires the utilization of contextual settings in developing strategic solutions and accommodating changes in a selected community.

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7 References CDC. (2021). Health of Black or African American Non-Hispanic Population. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/black-health.htm Como, D. H., Stein Duker, L. I., Polido, J. C., & Cermak, S. A. (2019). The persistence of oral health disparities for African American children: a scoping review. International journal of environmental research and public health , 16 (5), 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050710 Healthy People 2030. Discrimination. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social- determinants-health/literature-summaries/discrimination Johnson-Agbakwu, C. E., Ali, N. S., Oxford, C. M., Wingo, S., Manin, E., & Coonrod, D. V. (2020). Racism, COVID-19, and Health Inequity in the USA: a Call to Action. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities , 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00928-y Kokorelias, K. M., Gignac, M. A., Naglie, G., & Cameron, J. I. (2019). Towards a universal model of family-centered care: a scoping review. BMC health services research , 19 , 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4394-5 Mheidly, N., & Fares, J. (2020). Leveraging media and health communication strategies to overcome the COVID-19 infodemic. Journal of Public Health Policy , 41 (4), 410-420. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00247-w Nassim, G., Redmond, M. L., Ofei-Dodoo, S., Benton, M., & Lu, K. (2020). Nutrition self- efficacy and dietary patterns among older African American women in Kansas. Kansas Journal of Medicine , 13 , 209. Simons, R. L., Lei, M. K., Klopack, E., Beach, S. R., Gibbons, F. X., & Philibert, R. A. (2021). The effects of social adversity, discrimination, and health risk behaviors on the

8 accelerated aging of African Americans: further support for the weathering hypothesis. Social Science & Medicine , 282 , 113169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113169

Health promotion in Minority population.

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