Student Notes - Injection Techniques

docx

School

Bakersfield College *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

MISC

Subject

Medicine

Date

Oct 30, 2023

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by AmbassadorHeatSalmon29

Injection Techniques -Student Notes Directions : Fill in the blank. Introduction to Injections Segment 1. Injections • Force liquids into the body, usually through the use of a syringe and hollow needle • Are a relatively easy way to administer the following: – medications – vaccinations Injection Insight: In the United States, injections are commonly referred to as “ shots. ” While in the United Kingdom, the term “ jab ” is used. 2. Medication • Is used for the treatment and prevention of illnesses • Examples include: – wormers – antibiotics 3. Vaccination • Is the injection of a killed or weakened organism to produce immunity in the body against the injected organism • Examples include: – rabies – distemper – clostridial (blackleg) – leptospirosis 4. Rules for Administering Injections • Include: – reading and understanding the label – using correct components of a syringe – implementing proper animal restraint techniques 5. The Label Accompanies: Injection Techniques 1

Injection Techniques -Student Notes • Includes the following important information: – storage requirements – warning statements – withdrawl periods – indication/restriction statements – expiration date 6. Storage Requirements • Include: – temperature • vaccinations need to be stored at 35°F to 45 ° F (2 ° to 7 ° C) • varies between medications Injection Insight: When transporting vaccinations, always use an insulated cooler with frozen ice packs. 7. Warning Statements • Include: – restrictions about when to use a product • for example: – if the warning statement says “ not for use in lactating cows ” then the product may only be used on non- milking cows or heifers 8. Withdrawal Periods • Refer to the amount of time it takes a vaccination or medication to leave an animal ’ s system • Are especially important in food-producing animals Injection Insight: Withdrawal periods are strictly enforced, and there are legal and financial penalties regarding harvested animals which have tested positive for antibiotics. 9. Indication Statements • Inform the user of the following: – species for which the product has been approved • cattle, sheep, swine, etc. Accompanies: Injection Techniques 2

Injection Techniques -Student Notes – classification of what type of animals the product can be used for • age of animal, pregnant, nursing, etc. – dosage of a product for a specific animal • amount of and frequency an animal can receive a vaccination or medication 10. Expiration Dates • Are based on the products ability to maintain stability • Inform users of how long a drug will be active and safe for use – protein molecules decrease over time which decreases the effectiveness of a product 11. The Syringe • Includes the following components: – barrel – plunger – needle 12. The Barrel • Is a tube where a medication or vaccination solution is held • Size depends on the amount of medication or vaccination solution being injected • Can be measured in cubic centimeters (cc) or milliliters (mL) – 1 cubic centimeter (cc) is equivalent to 1 milliliter (mL) – ranging from 1 to 60 13. The Plunger • Is a device which pushes the medication or vaccination solution through the needle and into the animal • Size depends on the size of the barrel • Has a latex-free stopper to prevent leakage and measures the amount of liquid in the barrel 14. The Needle Accompanies: Injection Techniques 3

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Injection Techniques -Student Notes • Is a sharp, hollow piece of metal which pierces the skin • Is measured in length and gauge size – length refers to how long the needle is – gauge refers to the diameter of the needle Injection Insight: The smaller the gauge number, the larger the diameter of the needle and vice versa. 15. Needle Choice • Depends on the following: – location of injection • short needles for subcutaneous • long needles for intramuscular – consistency of the vaccination or medication • thin consistencies flow easily through smaller gauged needles • thick consistencies need a larger gauged needle to flow freely 16. Needle Choice • Depends on the following: – weight of animal • larger animals need longer, larger gauged needles for proper injection – age of animal • small gauge needles are used on young animals because they leave a smaller opening in the skin • large gauge needles are used on older animals Injection Insight: A calf ’ s skin is much thinner than an adult cow ’ s skin, therefore, a higher gauge or smaller diameter needle should be used. 17. Needle Sizes Accompanies: Injection Techniques 4

Injection Techniques -Student Notes 18. Needles • Should typically be clean and sterile for each animal – never insert a used needle into a vial containing uncontaminated substances • container for vaccinations and liquid medications known as a vial • Can be reused under certain circumstances – for example: • when worming cattle, change the needle every 10 cows 19. Animal Restraint • Allows for a safer experience for the animal and individual administering the injection • Helps ensure injections are given in the correct location • Helps prevent tools from breaking – if not careful, needles can “ break off ” in the animal or bend causing bodily harm 20. Animal Restraint • Methods can include the following: – chute • used for cattle • refers to cage-like device which squeezes cattle to restrict movement – hands-on restraint • refers to an individual restraining an animal with their body • used on smaller animals such as sheep, goats and swine 21. Results of Improper Injections Accompanies: Injection Techniques 5

Injection Techniques -Student Notes • Include: – vaccine failure – medication failure – treatment failure – nerve damage and swelling of tissues • causes animal extreme pain – infections 22. Results of Improper Injections • Include: – abscess and scarring • causes excessive trim of meat production animals during harvesting – drug residues in food-producing animals • animals used for meat or milk production – accidental human injection – shock or death • if medications unintentionally enter the blood stream Common Injection Techniques Segment 1. Drawing Medication • Is the process of filling the syringe with the medication for the injection • Is a fairly simple and quick process 2. Drawing Medication • Steps are as follows: 1. remove the cap from the needle 2. remove the aluminum cap, if not already removed, from the top of the vaccine or medicine bottle 3. Drawing Medication • Steps are as follows: 1. draw, or pull back, the plunger to the desired amount of vaccine or medicine you wish to fill the syringe Accompanies: Injection Techniques 6

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Injection Techniques -Student Notes 2. poke the needle through the rubber cap of the bottle 4. Drawing Medication • Steps are as follows: 5. with the plunger, push the air in the barrel of the syringe into the bottle 6. raise the bottle up almost vertically above the syringe and slowly pull back on the plunger until you have the desired amount 5. Drawing Medication • Steps are as follows: 7. lower the bottle and slowly remove the needle 8. point the needle upwards to allow any air bubbles in the barrel to rise to the top 9. slowly push the plunger to eject the air bubbles 6. Common Injection Methods • Include: – intramuscular – subcutaneous – Intravenous 7. Intramuscular Injections • Are given in the muscle of the animal • Are usually used for antibiotic administration • Can be given in various muscles dependent upon the animal • Require a longer needle Injection Insight: IM is the abbreviation for intramuscular. 8. Intramuscular Injection Sites Accompanies: Injection Techniques 7

Injection Techniques -Student Notes Injection Insight: Though there are many injection sites for IM injections, it is highly recommended all IM injections are given in the triangle of the neck. If given in other sites, meat cuts can be impacted. 9. Intramuscular Injection Techniques • Include: – using needles which measure 1 to 1 ½ inches in length – using 16 to 18 gauge needles 10. Intramuscular Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 1. hold the needle perpendicular to the skin 2. insert the needle into the muscle 11. Intramuscular Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 1. pull the plunger back a small amount to check for blood • if blood appears in the syringe, the injection is in a blood vessel • if there is blood in the syringe, remove the needle • inject again about one inch from original injection site 2. proceed with injection if air appears in the syringe 12. Subcutaneous Injections • Are given under the skin, but above the muscle • Are usually used for vaccines, vitamins and wormer administration • Require short needles Injection Insight: Sub-Q is the abbreviation for subcutaneous. Accompanies: Injection Techniques 8

Injection Techniques -Student Notes 13. Subcutaneous Injections Sites 14. Subcutaneous Injection Techniques • Includes: – using needles which measure 1 inch in length – using 16 to 18 gauge needles 15. Subcutaneous Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 1. tent the skin using the tenting method 2. insert the needle into the “ tent ” Injection Insight: “ Tenting ” refers to lifting the skin into a tent-like position for injection administration. 16. Subcutaneous Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 3. pull the plunger back to check for blood • if blood appears in the syringe, the injection is in a blood vessel • if there is blood in the syringe, remove the needle • inject again about one inch from original injection site 4. proceed with injection if air appears in the syringe 17. Intravenous Injections • Are given into the jugular vein – located in the jugular groove between the trachea and neck muscles • Are advised to only be performed by veterinarians – can cause respiratory or cardiac problems or death if not monitored and administered correctly Accompanies: Injection Techniques 9

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Injection Techniques -Student Notes 18. Intravenous Injections • Are used for administering fluids, electrolytes and medications • Are given to dehydrated or extremely ill animals • Are used to pull blood samples from animals • Require longer needles Injection Insight: IV is the abbreviation for intravenous injections. 19. Intravenous Injection Techniques • Includes: – using needles which measure 1 to 1 1/2 inch in length – using 18 to 20 gauge needles – tightly restraining the animal • any sudden, jerky movements could cause severe damage 20. Intravenous Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 1. elevate the animal ’ s head up and to the side 2. apply pressure to the bottom of the jugular groove • allows the jugular vein to become visible by filling with blood 21. Intravenous Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 3. insert the needle into the jugular vein • if there is no blood in the syringe, adjust the needle deeper, shallower or to either side 4. watch for blood to enter the syringe • blood confirms the needle is in the vein 22. Intravenous Injection Techniques • Steps are as follows: 5. proceed with injection once blood is in the syringe • monitor animal for any respiratory or cardiac problems Accompanies: Injection Techniques 10

Injection Techniques -Student Notes Common Livestock Vaccinations Segment 1. Vaccinations • Are used as a preventative to infectious diseases • Help immunize animals • Stimulate immune system responses to create disease resistance • Do not guarantee immunity Injection Insight: Receiving the chickenpox vaccine does not mean you will never have chickenpox. 2. Types of Vaccinations • Include: – inactivated – subunit – modified-live 3. Inactivated Vaccines • Contain bacteria or viruses which have been inactivated by heat or chemicals • Are the most common type of vaccines • Are also known as “killed” • Are most damaged by freezing 4. Inactivated Vaccines • Are usually given in two doses – initial vaccine • stimulates the antibodies – booster vaccine • necessary to provide optimal protection against disease and sickness • re-stimulates the antibodies after the initial vaccine has worn off 5. Examples of Inactivated Vaccines • Include Tetanus Toxoid-Unconcentrated ® – prevention of Tetanus which causes spasms, stiffness, neurological problems Accompanies: Injection Techniques 11

Injection Techniques -Student Notes – can affect all animals – administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly Injection Insight: Tetanus is often referred to as “ lockjaw ” . 6. Examples of Inactivated Vaccines • Include Ingelvac ® AR4 – prevention of Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) which causes facial bones and nasal passages to be malformed – swine vaccination – administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly 7. Subunit Vaccines • Are created using new combinations of DNA • Stimulate the immune system without introducing active viruses • Only contain antigens – foreign substances to the body Injection Insight: Antibodies are the primary immune defense in the body. Whereas, antigens are foreign substances to the body which stimulate the production of antibodies. 8. Examples of Subunit Vaccines • Include Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) ® – prevention of Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Sydrome (PMWS) which causes weight loss and the inability to thrive on its own – swine vaccination – administered intramuscularly 9. Examples of Subunit Vaccines • Include Bacillus-Calmetter Guerin (BCG) ® – tests for Tuberculosis (TB) which causes lethargy, weakness, moist cough • early stages may not be noticeable – cattle vaccination – administered subcutaneously Injection Insight: Tuberculosis comes from “ tubercles ” which form on lymph nodes. Accompanies: Injection Techniques 12

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Injection Techniques -Student Notes 10. Modified-Live Vaccines • Contain whole viruses – can multiply but cannot produce diseases • Infect living cells by interacting with cells containing an antigen 11. Modified-Live Vaccines • Come in two vials – one vial contains a freeze-dried cake substance which contains modified microbes – the other vial contains the diluent which suspends microbes into a liquid 12. Modified-Live Vaccines • Require mixing before being given • Mixing steps include: 1. pulling the diluent in to the syringe 2. inserting the diluent into the vial containing the microbes 3. shaking the vial to mix the diluent and microbes together 4. pulling the mixed vaccine or medicine into the syringe for injection 13. Examples of Modified-Live Vaccines • Include Bovi-Shield Gold IBR-BVD ® – prevention of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) which causes fever, coughing, depression, nasal discharge and abortion – cattle vaccine – administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly Injection Insight: IBR is difficult to detect within a herd. Blood testing is required to confirm diagnosis. 14. Examples of Modified-Live Vaccines • Include Bluetongue Vaccine Type 10 ® – prevention of Bluetongue disease which causes ulcers on muzzle, inflammation of mouth and tongue and abortion – sheep and goat vaccination – administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly Accompanies: Injection Techniques 13

Injection Techniques -Student Notes 15. Vaccine Failure • Could be caused by the following: – ill animals • sick animals have a weakened immune system and should be treated for illness first – stressed animals • increased hormones or chemical imbalances in the body will weaken the animal ’ s immune system – malnourished animals • not having the correct nourishment can cause the immune system to not respond properly 16. Vaccine Failure • Could be caused by the following: – age of animals • for the first few weeks of life, newborn animals have maternal immunity from drinking colostrum which prevents vaccines from working properly Injection Insight: Within the first 24 hours of birth, mother animals produce a milk known as colostrum. Colostrum builds the newborn ’ s immune system by fighting against disease producing organisms. 17. Vaccine Failure • Could be caused by the following: – outdated vaccines • deterioration of protein molecules causes a vaccine to not be effective – improper handling of vaccines • extreme temperatures will ruin the vaccine – improper injection method • can cause a severe reaction, infection, bodily harm or death Accompanies: Injection Techniques 14

Injection Techniques -Student Notes Accompanies: Injection Techniques 15

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version