Lab Frictional Forces (1)
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Mechanical Engineering
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Dec 6, 2023
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Miami Dade College/North Campus
PHY1004L, PHY2053L, and PHY2048L
1
Lab “Investigating Static and Kinetic Frictions.”
Whenever two surfaces that are in contact with each other try to move past one another there is a force that
resists the motion. In some case you could push on an object trying to move it and the object doesn’t move. The
force of static friction
f
s
balances your force. This is because in order to move an object you need to apply a
force larger or equal to the maximum possible static friction,
f
smax
.Once moving the object still offers some
resistance and if you stop pushing the object will immediately start to slow down to a stop, the force responsible
for this behavior is the force of kinetic friction,
f
k
.
In this experiment, you will use a Force Sensor to study static friction and kinetic friction on a tray.
Purpose:
To find the graphical and mathematical relationship between the forces of maximum static and
kinetic frictions and the normal force on the objects, as to determine the coefficients of static and kinetic
frictions for the surface being studied.
Materials:
•
Computer with Logger Pro;
•
Lab Pro with dual range force sensor;
•
Ramp;
•
Mass sets;
•
String;
•
Trays.
Preliminary questions:
1.
In pushing a heavy box across the floor, is the force you need to apply to start the box moving greater than,
less than, or the same as the force needed to keep the box moving? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
How do you think the force of friction is related to the weight of the box? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
Create a force or free body diagram for the case when you are pushing on the box without moving it and
when it slides across the floor at a constant velocity.
Miami Dade College/North Campus
PHY1004L, PHY2053L, and PHY2048L
2
Procedure:
Part I Practice Pulling.
1.
Measure the mass of the tray and record it in the data table.
2.
Connect the Dual-Range Force Sensor to Channel 1 of the interface. Set the range switch on the Force
Sensor to 50 N.
3.
Hold the Force Sensor in position as ready to pull the block, but without the string. Click
to set the
Force Sensor to zero.
4.
Tie string on the tray to the hook on the Force Sensor. Place a total of 200g mass on top of the block,
fastened so the masses cannot shift. Practice pulling the block and masses with the Force Sensor using this
straight-line motion: Slowly and gently pull horizontally with a small force. Very gradually, increase the
force until the block starts to slide, and then keep the block moving at a constant speed.
5. Click
to begin collecting data. Pull the block as before, taking care to increase the force gradually.
Repeat the process as needed until you have a graph that reflects the desired motion, including pulling the
block at constant speed once it begins moving.
6. Copy the force
vs.
time graph for the force you felt on your hand. Label the portion of the graph
corresponding to the block at rest, the time when the block just started to move, and the time when the block
was moving at constant speed.
Part II Measuring Maximum Static Friction and Kinetic Friction
In this section, you will measure the peak static friction force and the kinetic friction force as a function of
the normal force on the block. In each run, you will pull the block as before, but by changing the masses on
the block, you will vary the normal force on the block.
7.
Remove all masses from the block.
8. Click
to begin collecting data and pull as before to gather force
vs.
time data.
9.
Examine the data by clicking the Statistics button,
. The maximum value of the force occurs when the
block started to slide. Read this value of the
maximum
force of static friction from the floating box and
record the number in your data table.
10.
Drag across the region of the graph corresponding to the block moving at constant velocity. Click on the
Statistics button again and read the average (or mean) force during the time interval. This force is the
magnitude of the kinetic frictional force.
11.
Repeat Steps 8-10 for two more measurements and average the results to determine the reliability of your
measurements. Record the values in the data table.
12.
Add masses totaling 100 g to the block. Repeat Steps 9 – 12, recording values in the data table.
13.
Repeat for additional masses of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 g. Record values in your data table.
DATA:
Mass of block
0.09 kg
Miami Dade College/North Campus
PHY1004L, PHY2053L, and PHY2048L
3
Table One: Maximum Static Friction.
Total
mass
(kg)
Normal
force
(N)
Peak static friction
Average
Trial 1
(N)
Trial 2
(N)
Trial 3
(N)
peak static
friction
(N)
0.590
1.090
1.590
2.090
2.590
3.090
Table Two: Kinetic Friction.
Total
mass
(kg)
Normal
force
(N)
Kinetic friction
Average
Trial 1
(N)
Trial 2
(N)
Trial 3
(N)
kinetic
friction
(N)
0.590
1.090
1.590
2.090
2.590
3.090
Analysis:
1.
Inspect a trial of force
vs.
time graph from Part I. Label the portion of the graph corresponding to the block
at rest, the time when the block just started to move, and the time when the block was moving at constant
speed.
2.
Calculate the average peak static and kinetic frictions, record your values in Tables I and II.
3.
Based on your results from data Table I and II, compare the force needed to get the block to start sliding
with the force needed to keep it moving. How does your answer compare to your answer to question 1 in the
Preliminary Questions section?
4. The
coefficient of friction
is a constant that relates the normal force between two objects (blocks and ramp)
and the force of friction. Based on your results from Tables I and II, would you expect the coefficient of
static friction to be greater than, less than, or the same as the coefficient of kinetic friction? Explain.
5.
Create a qualitive Free Body diagram for when the object is being pulled and not moving, and when the
object is moving at a constant velocity.
6.
Calculate the Normal force for each mass and complete table I and II. Since the block is on a horizontal
surface, the normal force will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the weight of the block and
any masses it carries. Fill in the Normal Force entries for both Part II data tables.
࠵?
!
= ࠵?
"
= ࠵? ∙ ࠵?
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Miami Dade College/North Campus
PHY1004L, PHY2053L, and PHY2048L
4
7.
Use logger Pro to graph of the maximum static friction force (vertical
axis)
vs
. the normal force (horizonta
l
axis). Obtain the regression equation.
•
Comment on the relationship.
•
Write the corresponding equation describing the relationship.
•
Explain the mathematical meaning of the slope and the y-intercept.
8. Graph the force of kinetic friction vs normal force. Please graph them of the same graph: To graph them on
the same graph:
•
Click Data and from the pull-down mane choose New Manual Column.
•
Label the Column Kinetic Friction and enter its corresponding values.
•
Hover the mouse over the name of the y-axis, when it shows a Y, click, and choose all the above
9.
Repeat the steps in part 7.
10. Does the force of kinetic friction depend on the weight of the block? Explain.
11. Does the force of static friction depend on the weight of the block? Explain.
12. Does the force of maximum static friction depend on the weight of the block? Explain.
13. Do the coefficients of friction depend on the weight of the block? Explain.
14. Explain how you would determine (calculate) static friction, static friction maximum, and kinetic friction.
15. Answer the following questions based on this situation. You are pushing horizontally on a
1000࠵?
chest, the
chest is on a rough floor, the coefficients of frictions are 0.4 and 0.8. You increase your push until the chest
moves and then keep it moving. Below are shown different values of your applied force, for each case create
a free body diagram, calculate the frictional force present, and the acceleration of the object.
•
࠵?
#$
= 400 ࠵?
•
࠵?
#$
= 600 ࠵?
•
࠵?
#$
= 800 ࠵?
•
࠵?
#$
= 1000 ࠵?
16. Explain your reasoning for each of the cases above.
Extension for PHY2048:
1.
Examine the force of static friction for an object on an incline. The table below shows the height of the
ramp when the tray started to slide for each of the six masses and the length of the ramp.
•
Find the angle that causes a tray to start to slide.
࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵? = ℎ/࠵?
•
Calculate the average coefficient of static friction:
࠵?
%
= ࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?
•
Compare it to the value obtained for the horizontal ramp by calculating the % error:
% ࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵? =
|࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?ℎ − ࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?|
0.5(࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?ℎ + ࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?)
× 100%
Miami Dade College/North Campus
PHY1004L, PHY2053L, and PHY2048L
5
Mass (kg)
Length (cm)
Height (cm)
Angle
࠵?(°)
Coefficient
of Static
Friction
࠵?
%
CONCLUSION: Please follow Appendix C
•
Definitions: Friction, Static Friction, Maximum Static Friction, Kinetic Friction, Normal Force,
Coefficients of friction, relationship between frictions and between coefficients.
•
Physical meaning of slope and y-intercept.
•
Equations: Kinetic and Max Static Friction and their relationship, derive the equation for the coefficient
of static friction on an incline.
•
Sources of errors
•
Textbook correlation.
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