PETE 225 Lab Report 1

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Texas A&M University *

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225

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Mechanical Engineering

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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To: Vivekvardhan Kesireddy From: Brendon Beckendorff PETE 225-504 Partners: Make Up Lab Group Subject: Lab NO 1: Porosity, Permeability, and Pipe Displacement Date: February 24, 2022 This experiment covers the concepts of porosity, permeability, and pipe displacement. Porosity can be described as the pore space within a sample of rocks. Permeability can be explained as the measurement of the rock ’ s ability to transport fluids through the sample. Pipe displacement is the volume the pipe displaces due to its immersion in liquid. This can be divided into three types known as pipe capacity, open-pipe displacement, and closed-pipe displacement. During this lab, we will analyze 5 samples of rock mixtures and compute various components related to these core drilling factors. This experiment will include filling our samples with water to determine porosity. Then, we will drain the samples to find their respective flow rates. Following the completion of both of these, we will investigate our pipe displacement factors. “On my honor as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work.” Signature:

Porosity, Permeability, and Pipe Displacement This experiment’s objective involves porosity, permeability, and pipe displacement in five separate samples. We filled each sample full of water and recorded the amount it took to fill as our pore volume. Such as in Equation 1 , we were able to determine our porosity percentage for each sample by dividing by the calculated bulk volume. After measuring the volume of the water that flowed out and dividing this by the time it was allowed to flow, we would find our average flow rates like in Equation 2 . We determined the capacities of both pipes to plug into Equation 3 to find our ID. We then found the displacements of pipe B to get experimental OD measurements using Equation 4 and Equation 5 . This experiment led to the pipe displacement factors being gotten, along with determining which samples had the highest and lowest values for porosity and displacement. Conclusions • Sample A had the highest porosity and fastest permeability due to its large grain size and round shape • Sample B did not have a porosity reading or permeability reading due to its pores not being interconnected • Sample E had the lowest porosity and slowest permeability due to small grain size and tight packing • Calculated and Measured Diameters were similar Discussion and Results This experiment puts factors that would be used on a drilling site such as porosity, permeability, and pipe displacement into a lab setting. Our experiment began by analyzing five different samples of rock mixtures set up in the tubing. Once assumptions about each sample had been recorded, we filled each sample up with water to determine how much could be held in between the mixture of rocks. After discovering the amount, it took to fill each sample, we subtracted 550 ccs to account for the knee at the bottom of each tubing. This amount would be used as our volume of filling water. We then were now able to determine the porosity percentage of each sample by dividing the pore volume by the given bulk volume and multiplying by one hundred to give us our percentage (Equation 1) . For sample B, no porosity percentage could be determined due to its mixing of grains and them not being interconnected. Our results included sample A having the largest porosity and sample E having the smallest. Our experiment then moved on to calculating permeability. We did this by finding the flow rate of each sample. By opening the valves of each sample over a constant period, we would get volumes of water emptied from each. Dividing each volume by the respected period they were opened forgave us average flow rate values for each (Equation 2) . The results of this would show us that sample A had the fastest permeability and sample E had the slowest. Sample B would have no flow due to the mixture being poorly interconnected. Next, we moved over to our pipe displacement calculations with the use of two pipes. We would measure the volume or capacity of both pipes by covering the pipe cap with a finger then filling it with water. After determining our capacities, we can plug these values into our pipe capacity equation to find the inside diameters of pipe A and pipe B (Equation 3) . For our open-pipe displacement, we inserted the pipe into the graduated cylinder and allowed water to flow inside, and filled it up. Once this displacement was gotten, we can plug it into our open - pipe displacement equation along with our inside diameter from earlier to determine our outer diameter (Equation 4) . Our last calculation for closed-pipe displacement would repeat the same steps but with covering the hole in the cap. Once again, the calculated close-ended displacement would be plugged into our close-ended displacement equation to find another experimental measurement of the outer diameter (Equation 5) . ?????𝑖?𝑦(%) = ( 𝑃?𝑟? 𝑉????? 𝐵??? 𝑉????? ) ∗ 100 Equation 1 Sample: (2044(??)/3939(??)) *100=51.9% 𝐴?𝑔.𝐹??? 𝑅𝑎?? = 𝑉????? /Time Equation 2 Sample: 2375(??)/20(sec) = 118.75 ?𝑖?? ?𝑎?𝑎?𝑖?𝑦 = ( π 4 ) ∗ 𝐼? 2 ∗ 𝐿 Equation 3 Sample: ( π 4 ) ∗ 2 2 (𝑖?) ∗ 12(𝑖?) = 37.7 ( 𝑖? 3 ?? ) ???? ?𝑖?? ?𝑖???𝑎?????? = ( π 4 ) ∗ (?? 2 − 𝐼? 2 ) ∗ 𝐿 Equation 4 Sample: ( π 4 ) ∗ (2 2 (𝑖?) − 1 2 (𝑖?)) ∗ 12(𝑖?) = 28.3 ( 𝑖? 3 ?? ) ?????? ?𝑖?? ?𝑖???𝑎?????? = ( π 4 ) ∗ ?? 2 ∗ 𝐿 Equation 5 Sample: ( π 4 ) ∗ 1 2 (𝑖?) ∗ 12(𝑖?) = 9.4 ( 𝑖? 3 ?? )

This experiment shows us different aspects of drilling that we could see on a much larger scale in the future. Sample A having a larger porosity is directly correlated to its round grain shape, it being well sorted and loosely packed. Porosity along with the percentage of hydrocarbons can be used to find the volume of hydrocarbon prospects. Sample E has the lowest porosity percentage due to it being tightly packed. Sample B did not have a porosity percentage due to its mixture of grain sizes. Permeability is the measure of the rock ’ s ability to transport fluids. Once again Sample A has the fastest and Sample E has the slowest. Factors such as large grain size and round grain shape allow the water to flow faster through A. On the other side, small grain size and bad interconnectivity in both Samples B and E cause permeability to slow down. Pipe displacement is the amount of pipe displaces when submerged in liquid. Volume capacity of inside both pipes A and B are shown below along with open-pipe displacements, closed- pipe displacements, and separate experimental outside diameter measurements for pipe B. Pipe capacity can be used to show us the amount of fluid required to fill up a pipe. Open-pipe displacement can be used to determine how much volume is needed to fill a well while removing a pipe. Closed-pipe displacement can be used to find how much fluid is needed when the bottom is closed. Our experimental diameter measurements are all relatively accurate in relevance with the given measured diameters.

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Table 1-Descriptions of Samples Used in Experiment Sample Descriptions and Notes A Bigger grain size, Highest porosity, Fastest Permeability B Same grain size as A with sand, Mixing of grains will cause issues for water flow C Smaller grain size pebbles, smaller porosity and slower permeability than A D Smaller grain size pebbles with sand, Should result in slightly smaller values than C E All sand, Should have lowest permeability and porosity, very packed Table 2-Porosity of Each Sample Sample Volume of Filling Water(cc) Bulk Volume(cc) Porosity (%) A 2044 3939 51.9 B 50 3939 N/A C 1050 3939 26.6 D 800 3939 20.3 E 415 3939 10.54 Table 3-Flow Rate of Each Sample Sample Time(sec) Volume(cc) Avg. Flow Rate A 20 2375 118.75 B 20 0 0 C 20 585 29.25 D 30 230 7.67 E 30 66 2.2 Table 4-Calculated and Measured Diameters Sample ID (in) Capacity (in^3/ft) OD (in) Open-Ended Displacement (in^3/ft) Closed-Ended Displacement (in^3/ft) Measured ID (in) Measured OD (in) A 0.8 6.1 0.75 B 0.61 3.5 .89 2.38 4.06 0.625 0.875 B .86 Questions No questions in handout.