Ramirez_Rony_9_Material_Properties_1 copy

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Rony Ramirez Jr Material Properties ME 2220 Section 009 Siqi Zheng “I certify that all the writing presented here is my own and not acquired from external sources (including the student lab manual). I have cited sources appropriately and paraphrased correctly. I have not shared my writing with other students, nor have I acquired any written portion of this document from past or present students.”87 ______Rony Ramirez Jr________

1 Introduction: In engineering applications, the main focus of the Material Properties Lab is to do a tensile test. A tensile test is used to determine the material stress and strain in real-world applications to see how strong a specific material is. It also is to see how much a material can be stretched or bent until it breaks. In most engineering applications, a Shimadzu tensile testing system is used to test the material using a load cell, test fixture, an extensometer, and a control unit. The machine measures the stress strain on the material, and a set of inputs to then calculate Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and toughness. Obtaining all the data gives the user the ability to determine how durable the material is to be used in different productions. Experimental Methods: The lab had different days of experiments. On one day of the lab experiment, students tested a four 6061T Aluminum sample to measure the load and the extension of the specimen. To calculate the extension, students used an extensometer to obtain the data. Putting the specimen in the machine pulls the sample from both sides to measure how much it extends and the load used. Using the data gained, the students then used it to calculate Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and the toughness of each specimen. The second portion of the experiment was similar to the day one activity. On day two, students had two different samples, a 0/0/0/0 sample, and a 90/90/90/90 sample. The 0/0/0/0 sample had layers that laid directly on the specimen sample. In comparison, the 90/90/90/90 example had the different layers applied perpendicular to the specimen. The process has multiple layers; the first layer has had a mold with some release film liquid, the pre-impregnated carbon fiber sheets, the next layer applied is the release film, and after that film is the bleeder film last is the bleeder layer. It is then all put in a vacuum that compresses the layers together. Furthermore, the two

2 samples are then tested in the tensile test same as in the day one experiment. These tensile tests allow us to see which of the two samples will be able to handle more load. Experimental Results: Here are the first sample results for the Day one experiment. 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 Sample 1: Stress-Strain Strain [-] Stress [Pa] 0 0.01 0.02 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 Sample 1:Stress-Strain vs Strain-0.002 Offset Stress-Strain Strain-0.002 Offset Strain [-] Stress [Pa] / 0.002 Offset Table 1 : Material Properties Day 1 Results (Sample 1) Area 0.0490 in^2 Yield Stress 40,983 Pa

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3 Modulus E 8,881,045.2 Pa U.T.S. 44591.2 Pa Toughness 5,090.4 Psi For the day two experiment the students used the 0/0/0/0 sample and the 90/90/90/90 sample. 0 0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0/0/0/0 vs 90/90/90/90 0/0/0/0 Linear (0/0/0/0) Strain [-] Stress lb/in2 Table 2 : Material Properties Day 2 Results (0/0/0/0) Volume 0.0726 m^3 Density 0.0975 kg/m^3 Yield Stress 1,581,203 Pa Modulus E 16,593,846 Pa U.T.S. 154,167.3 Pa Toughness 690.7 Psi Modulus Ec 1.39E11 Pa Table 3 : Material Properties Day 2 Results (90/90/90/90) Volume 0.1071 m^3

4 Density 0.0975 kg/m^3 Yield Stress 21,854.8 Pa Modulus E 1,023,565.5 Pa U.T.S. 21,854.8 Pa Toughness 2.258 Psi 1/Modulus Ec 1.17E-10 Pa Analytical Methods: The tensile test uses many calculations to calculate the modulus elasticity and many more. The first part in order to calculate the stress of the data set is needed to start. “F” is the applied force while “A” is the cross-sectional area. ¿ F A (1) Finding the Strain is needed to next to measure the elongation of the sample. “ L ” is the ratio of the change in length and “L” is the original length of the specimen. ¿ L L (2) The Young’s Modulus is another important factor to calculate the linear-elastic material. E = ❑ ❑ (3) The ultimate strength is another important factor to know the maximum strength. E = ❑ max Density of Material (4) For the 90/90/90/90 and 0/0/0/0 sample a rules of mixture Young’s Modulus is also needed. E c = E f ∗ V f + E m ∗ V m (5) 1 E c = E f V f + E m V m (6)

5 Discussion of Findings: While conducting a tensile test on the materials allows the engineers to see how much force a material can take using applied force. Measuring the stress-strain will enable engineers to see which material to use and not use in production. Many specimens were tested during the two-day experiments to see which sample was better and which was worse. On the first day of testing, the first sample had the highest toughness out of the four samples. Using a Shimadzu tensile testing system allows us to calculate the specimens' load and extension, resulting in a Young modulus of 8,881,045.2 Pascals. Calculating Young's Modulus is by grabbing the applied force of the sample and dividing it over the cross-sectional area of the data. On the second day of the experiment, the students were given data from two carbon fiber sheets with orientation angles of 0/0/0/0 and 90/90/90/90 and calculated the specific strengths on the used rules of mixture to calculate the modulus of elasticity for different orientations of carbon fibers. The specific strength of the 6061-T6 aluminum sample one is 40,983 Pa, for the 0/0/0/0 specimen is 1,581,203 Pa, and for the 90/90/90/90 specimen, the strength is 21,854.8 Pa. The carbon fiber 0/0/0/0 is the most substantial specimen out of the three. The rules of mixture modu- lus elasticity allow for different orientation calculations of Young’s modulus. For the 90/90/90/90 sample, a 1.17E-10 Pa was calculated, while a 0/0/0/0 sample was 1.39E11 Pa. The 0/0/0/0 was a stronger specimen because the fibers were laid directly in proportion, giving it a tighter bond. Conclusion: In this lab, two experiments were performed to determine Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and the toughness of three different specimens. The tensile test allows

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6 engineers to calculate all these values to determine the materials used for production to give the best output. Once engineers have all the necessary values, they can determine which material to use that will be the toughest and strongest so it doesn’t break when a specific load is met. In most cases, engineers want the best output at the cheapest cost, so a tensile test will allow them to know which material is best suitable for the job.