Test 6 R

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University of South Carolina, Aiken *

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374

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Mathematics

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Apr 3, 2024

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How does changing the RATING from 1 to 2 affect the odds of DEFAULT according to the model? - It increases the odds of DEFAULT by about 12.4 times. Which variable in the model is statistically significant at the 1% level? – RATING “3” What is the impact of SIZE on the odds of DEFAULT, as per the model? - Each one-unit increase in SIZE increases the odds of DEFAULT by about 26.9%. Which of the following creates a function in R that calculates the square of a number? - square <- function(x) { x ^ 2 } What is the correct way to define a function in R that calculates the cube of a number? - cube <- function(x) { x * x * x } What will the following R function output when called as sqAndCu(3)? sqAndCu <- function(x) { list(square = x^2, cube = x^3) } -list(square = 9, cube = 27) What would be the output of the following R code? sqRFunc <- function(x) { sqrt(x) } sqRFunc(16) - [1] 4 What does the following R function do? isEv <- function(x) { x %% 2 == 0 } - Returns TRUE if x is even What will be the output of the following function when called as sumEven(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))? sumEven <- function(numbers) { sum(numbers[numbers %% 2 == 0]) } -6 What is the result of the following R code snippet? seq(1, 5, by=2) -[1] 1 3 5 What will be the output of the following function when called as calculateModulus(9, 4)? calculateModulus <- function(a, b) { a %% b } - 1 Consider a function that uses sapply(). What does sapply() do? applyToVector <- function(v, f) { sapply(v, f) } - Applies the function f to each element of vector v and returns a vector. What will the following function return when called as incVector(c(1,2,3))? incVector <- function(vec) { vec + 1 } - c(2, 3, 4) What will be the output of the following R code? modFunc <- function(x, y) { x %% y } modFunc(10, 3) -[1] 1 What would be the output of the following code? revFunc <- function(x) { rev(x) } revFunc(c(1, 2, 3)) - [1] 3 2 1 What is the output of the following R code? v <- c(3, 6, 9, 12) mean(v) - [1] 7.5 What will be the output of the following function when called as isP(5)? isP <- function(n) { if (n <= 1) return(FALSE) for (i in 2:(n - 1)) { if (n %% i == 0) return(FALSE) } return(TRUE) -TRUE What will be the output of the following R code? f <- function(x) { if (x > 10) "Greater" else "Smaller" } f(15) -[1] "Greater" What will be the output of the following function when called as sayMessage("Hello")? sayMessage <- function(message) { paste("The message is:", message) } -"The message is: Hello" What will the following R function output when called as greetPerson("Alice")? greetPerson <- function(name) { paste("Hello", name, "!") } -"Hello Alice!" What will be the output of the following R code? concatFunc <- function(a, b) { paste0(a, b) } concatFunc("Hello", "World") -"HelloWorld" The logit in logistic regression is:- The natural logarithm of the odds What is logistic regression primarily used for? - Classifying outcomes into categories
Logistic regression is typically used for: - Predicting a categorical variable from continuous or categorical variables. What does the term 'logit' represent in logistic regression? - The natural logarithm of the odds. A logit function in logistic regression is defined as: - The natural logarithm of the odds of the outcome. Logistic regression assumes: - A linear relationship between predictor variables and the logit of the outcome variable. A logistic regression model essentially: - Classifies cases based on a set of predictors into categories of the dependent or criterion variable In logistic regression, the intercept can be interpreted as: - The log odds of the outcome when all predictor variables are zero. In logistic regression, the intercept term represents: - The log odds of the outcome when all predictors are zero. In the logistic regression equation, what role does the intercept play?- It is the log odds of the outcome when all predictors are zero In a logistic regression model, the dependent variable is characterized by: - Two categories In logistic regression, the range of the dependent variable (probability of success) is: - (0, 1) In logistic regression, the outcome variable is typically:- Categorical, often binary. The logistic regression model is used when the outcome variable is: - A categorical variable with two levels (binary). What type of variable is best suited for logistic regression analysis? - Both continuous and categorical variables The logit link function in logistic regression is used to: - Model the probability of the outcome as a linear function of the predictors. What is the role of the logit function in logistic regression? - It linearly relates independent variables to the probability of the outcome In logistic regression, a logit link function is used to: - Connect the linear predictors to the probability of the outcome. Which of the following is a correct assumption of logistic regression? - t requires a linear relationship between the logit of the outcome and the predictors. Why is logistic regression preferred over linear regression for binary outcomes? - Because it models the probability of binary outcomes. In logistic regression, what does the coefficient of a predictor variable indicate? - The change in the log odds of the outcome per unit increase in the predictor What does the coefficient in a logistic regression model represent? - The change in the outcome's log odds for a one-unit change in the predictor In logistic regression, if a coefficient is close to zero, it implies that: - The predictor has a minimal impact on the probability of the outcome. When applying logistic regression, what is the implication of an odds ratio of 0.5 for a predictor? - The event is half as likely to occur with a one-unit increase in the predictor. In logistic regression, what does a significant p-value for a coefficient suggest? - The predictor is likely to be a meaningful addition to the model. In logistic regression, a significant negative coefficient for a predictor variable indicates that: - s the predictor increases, the probability of the outcome decreases. Which statement is true regarding the interpretation of odds ratios in logistic regression - An odds ratio greater than 1 suggests an increased likelihood of the event occurring. In logistic regression, what does an odds ratio greater than 1 indicate? - The event is more likely to occur - An odds ratio less than 1 in logistic regression indicates that: - The likelihood of the event decreases as the predictor increases. What does an odds ratio of more than 1 signify in a logistic regression model? - The event is more likely to occur as the predictor value increases. In logistic regression, the odds ratio is defined as: - The ratio of the odds after a unit change in the predictor to the original odds. What is the primary difference between linear and logistic regression? - Linear regression is used for predicting continuous outcomes, while logistic regression is for categorical outcomes. Why is logistic regression preferred over linear regression for binary outcomes? - Because it models the probability of binary outcomes. Which of the following best describes the logistic function in logistic regression? - It transforms the linear regression output to a probability. What is an important feature of logistic regression in terms of prediction? - It predicts the probability of different categorical outcomes. In the context of logistic regression, multicollinearity among predictors: - Can distort the estimated coefficients and their significance. How does multicollinearity affect logistic regression models? - It can lead to unreliable and unstable estimates of regression coefficients. Which of the following is the correct way to define a default value for a parameter in R functions?- myFunc <- function(x, y = 1) { ... } The range of the logit function (logit(π)) in the domain π=[0,1] is: - (- ∞,∞) When flipping a fair coin, the odds of getting tails are: - 1
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