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Math 1342 Dr. Tarcia Hubert Name: __Eytravia Franklin__ Section 1.2 – Observational Studies Versus Designed Experiments “It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” ~Confucius Video 1: Observational Study vs Designed Experiment Key Terms: • ____ Explanatory Variable ____ - The variables that can be altered or manipulated in research, or the variable used to explain or predict differences in the response variable. • ____ Response Variable ____ - The outcome that is predicted or measured following manipulation of the explanatory variables. Example: A researcher wants to assess the risk associated with smoking cigarettes by looking at a group of people, determining how many are smokers, and comparing the rate of lung cancer of the smokers to the nonsmokers. Explanatory Variable – Smoking of cigarettes (smokers vs nonsmokers) Response Variable – Rate of lung cancer ___ Observational Study ___ - measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variables. Advantages: Lower cost, greater timeliness, broader range of patients Disadvantage: Can’t claim causation only association More Key Terms: __ Confounding __ - occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated. Therefore, any relation that may exist between an explanatory variable and the
Math 1342 Dr. Tarcia Hubert Name: __Eytravia Franklin__ response variable may be due to some other variable or variables not accounted for in the study. __ Confounding Variables __ - an explanatory variable that was considered in a study whose effect cannot be distinguished from a second explanatory variable in the study. __ Lurking Variables __ - an explanatory variable that was not considered in a study, but that affects the value of the response variable in the study. Example: A professor wanted to conduct an experiment to study the effects of homework type on student success. The professor used online homework with her morning class, and traditional textbook homework with her afternoon class. At the end of the semester, she compared the final exam scores from the online homework section to those of the traditional homework section. If the morning class had higher exam scores, can the professor conclude that the higher scores were due to the online homework? - No __ Designed Experiment __ - when a researcher assigns the individuals in a study to a certain group, intentionally changes the value of the explanatory variable, and then records the value of the response variable for each group. Advantage – Allows identification of certain cause-and-effect relationships among variables. Disadvantages – Take longer and can be costly Example 1: Is the following study an observational study or designed experiment? • The American Cancer Society is beginning a study to learn why some people never get cancer. To take part in the study, a person must be 30-65 years of age and never had cancer. The study requires that the participants fill out surveys about their health and habits and give blood samples and waist measurements. These surveys must be filled out every two years. The study is expected to last for the next 20 years. - Observational Study Example 2: Is the following study an observational study or designed experiment?
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