1-INTRO-CHPT 1-MIAE 221-2023

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Concordia University *

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221

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Material Science

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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36

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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 1 These slideshows are based primarily on Callister’s textbook; Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, and are not a replacement for the textbook. They should be used with the text. The textbook should be consulted for more information and the relevant figures and tables. MIAE 221 – Materials Science 1
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 2 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS Our life revolves around the use of: ENERGY (in the form of food and fuel) MATERIALS (shelter, tools, etc) These give us: • Transport • Housing • Food production • Clothing • Communication • Recreation • Defence • etc
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 3 Basically engineers do things with materials or with the aid of materials . Mechanical Engineer - e.g.. designing rollerblades /dishwashers/space craft etc. Chemical Engineer - e.g.. designing milk spray drying system /artificial kidney machine. Electronic Engineer - e.g.; designing circuits, transistors, photovoltaic cells etc Civil Engineer - designs bridges, roads, etc.
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 4 HISTORICALLY - we have engineered natural materials, wood, stone, bone, e.g.. Stone age, bronze age, iron age. We are now in the “ MATERIALS AGE” - steel, titanium, alloys, plastics, ceramics, composites, electronics, smart materials etc. Approximately 70,000 Engineering Materials ! We are interested in these MATERIALS • how they are structured • how they behave • how they can be fabricated/tailored
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 5 For future applications, e.g.: Hypersonic Aircraft and High Temperature engines. NEED New Materials • New Alloys • Metal Composites • Polymers Composites • Ceramic Composites As well as current materials
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 6 What is Materials Science ? - Relationships between structures and properties of materials - Relationships between processing and structures and properties of materials - Designing the structure of a material to impart some desired properties
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 7
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 8 “Property” This is the response of a material to an external effect , such as: • Mechanical • Electrical • Thermal • Magnetic • Optical • Deteriorative Properties are generally independent of material shape & size .
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 9 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS 3 Major classes: • Metals • Ceramics • Polymers Subsets • Composites (combinations) • Semiconductors • Biomaterials
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 10 METALS Inorganic metallic elements. e.g. Nickel, copper, iron, aluminium, tin, titanium, lead. Sometimes a non-metal is also present in small quantities: e.g. carbon, (or nitrogen) in iron = STEEL METALS: • Conduct heat and electricity well due to non-localized electrons. • Generally most metals are strong and ductile, i.e. will usually bend before breaking (i.e. do not "snap"). • Pure metal : 99% - 99.99% pure • Alloy : Combination of two or more metals or metals plus non-metals.
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 11
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 12 CERAMICS Inorganic materials: compounds of metals and non-metals. (eg. Aluminium Oxide, Silicon Carbide) Typically HARD AND STRONG but brittle . • High temperature use, • low densities, • electrically insulating (generally).
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 13
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 14 POLYMERS “Plastics” (materials made from polymers) The fastest growing commercial group of materials. Widespread use in products and packaging. Long chain molecules & networks based on carbon (usually). • Usually good electrical insulators, • low densities (lightweight) • low operating temperatures, e.g. polythene, polystyrene, PET, rubber
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 15
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 16 COMPOSITES Composites are mixtures of two or more materials. Usually matrix and reinforcement particles, fibres etc. They have a combination of properties not usually found in individual components, e.g. GFRP, reinforced concrete.
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 17
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 18 SEMICONDUCTORS These have electrical properties between those of conductors and insulators. Often based on silicon with “dopant” elements added: low volume (tonnage) but very advanced technology. IC’s, devices, switches, sensors etc
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 19
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 20 BIO-MATERIALS Used for implants in living bodies; artificial organs, hearts, limbs, joints etc. Non-toxic, bio-compatible. All categories of materials are used.
Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 21
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 22
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 23
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 24
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 25
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 26
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 27 TRENDS IN MATERIALS USE Price differences - availability Manufacturing ability - steel cans vs. Al cans Property enhancement - lighter, stronger .... New applications/ - human powered flight New materials - SMART memory alloys - ceramic matrix composites
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 28 MATERIALS SELECTION Selection of the correct/appropriate or best material for the job. Short List: (a) Availability? (b) Properties? (c) Cost? (Usually determining factor). In many cases a more suitable material is available but at an increased cost, e.g. Car bodywork/exhausts - “mild” steel, rusts, - stainless steel, lasts much longer Cost not big problem in defence, sport, medicine.
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 29 Make a list of what requirements/properties we need from the Blade/Shaft and the Handle. SIMPLE MATERIALS SELECTION - SCREWDRIVER Shaft Blade Handle Components : • Blade, • Shaft, • Handle
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 30 Requirements : Blade and Shaft Good material would be -
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 31 SIMPLE MATERIALS SELECTION - SCREWDRIVER Requirements : Blade and Shaft (a) High resistance to bending/twisting when turning screws (or levering) (b) High resistance to permanent deflection/deformation. (c) High hardness - prevent damage to blade from metal screws. (d) High toughness - prevent snapping, breakage when dropped etc. Good material would be -
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 32 Handle Materials: - -
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 33 Handle (a) Ease of fabrication to provide good grip. (b) Sufficiently stiff to transfer torque. (c) Strong and tough enough to resist knocks and blows. (d) Good bond with blade. (e) Thermal and electrical insulation (f) Cheap. Materials: - -
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 34 ECONOMICS (a) Cost of material (availability etc) e.g. steel 1 stainless steel 7 wood 0.60 – 2.8 concrete 0.04 copper 4.8 - 21 titanium 85 Plastics 1.2 - 54 CFRP 43 - 330 AND (b) Cost of fabrication e.g. forging, stamping, machining, casting.
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 35 Other Factors Availability - Shortage/recycling etc Materials Efficient Design Minimize amount of expensive stuff e.g. by coatings (wear resistance etc., turbine blades). Substitute With more available material, e.g., replace copper water pipe with ABS, PB. Replace copper conductors with aluminium Recycle Steel, Al, PET, Glass, Copper
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Notes# 1 - MIAE 221 (adapted from Callister) 36 SUMMARY Relationships between structures and properties of materials. Relationships between processing and structures and properties of materials. Designing the structure of a material to impart some desired properties. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS • Metals • Ceramics • Polymers Composites, semiconductors etc MATERIALS SELECTION Selection of the correct/appropriate or best material for the job.
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