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The Law-Making Process
Laws are the foundation of our society, they keep citizens safe and preserve our individual
freedoms. Before a law is enacted it must start out as a bill. Each bill has an extensive process it
must go through to become a law of the United States of America. This process of approval ensures
that those three different parts of government agree on the bill before it becomes a law. In order to
become law, a bill needs to be approved by the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the
President of the United States
. The law–making process, or Legislative process, can be broken into
two basic steps, proposition and approval. These steps are the traditional and basic steps. As time
went on, these steps have been altered and changed. A bill
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The bill is brought up to either the House of Representatives or the Senate first, the house of
Congress that views the bill first does not necessarily matter and either can occur. As USA.gov
states, "Once a bill is introduced, Representatives or Senators will meet in small groups to discuss,
research or make changes to it" (USA). This shows that a bill can go to either house of Congress
first, and once there the bill is discussed again and possibly amended. If the bill were to go to the
House of Representatives first, they would send it to the "House Committee on Rules" (Krutz 435),
where the parameters for debate would be set, such as length and amendments. After the committee
sets the regulations on debate, it is sent to the House of Representatives floor where any debate and
amendments occur. Once any possible amendments are made, the bill is voted on by the House of
Representatives where it would need the Majority plus one to pass. If the bill were to be passed it
would then move on to the Senate. As votesmart.org states "[In the Senate] debate is unlimited
unless cloture is invoked. Members can speak as long as they want and amendments need not be
germane" (VoteSmart). This shows that once a bill reaches the Senate there is unlimited debate on it.
This also shows that any amendment made does not have to pertain directly to the bill at hand,
unlike the House of Representatives. The Senate has a special power that they can perform called a
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Definition And History Of Case Law Essay
Introduction
Within this assignment, the definition and history of case law will be clearly explained. Equity and
custom will also be given a definition. It is important to understand these definitions before
discussing a few of the equitable maxims. A brief description about the jurisprudence of the
European Court of Human Rights and the impact it has will also be included in this assignment. In
relation to case law, the European Courts of Justice and the hierarchy of the courts will be discussed
so a better understanding can be created about the role of case law.
Case Law
Case law can be described as the law that was produced by judges when deciding disputes in court.
When judges are challenged with interpreting statutes, they will look at similar cases from the past
and apply the same law to the case brought before them today. James Holland defines case law as
"the term we use to describe the collection of all the legal principles emanating from all the reports
cases on a given topic." Law created in this way is also referred to as '
Common law
'. Common law
is law that is common to England and is applied throughout the country. Sir William Blackstone
gave his own definition of common law by stating that "common law, properly so called" is
"unwritten law".
History of Common Law
"Before the Norman Conquest in 1066, there was no single system of law that was common to the
whole of the country." Instead, there were different systems of law, such as Wessex Law and
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Civil law is concerned and deals with the relationship between individuals and relates to civil rather
than criminal wrongs with the aim of compensating the suing party for such wrongs (Gibson, Rigby,
Ryan & Tamsitt, 2001, p28.1). A civil action is generally brought by the party who has been injured
or otherwise suffered some form of loss as the result of a wrong which only directly affected him
(e.g. trespassing into private property). When a civil law is broken, legal action is brought by an
individual against another for some form of legal remedy, e.g. damages. In civil suits, the party
initiating legal proceedings is referred to as the plaintiff and the party being sued is called the
defendant. For a plaintiff to successfully seek
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Javery resisted and thus she was stabbed and left to die in the car park. Walter Steward, the
administrator of her estate, sued Bloomingdale's parent company, Federated Department Store Inc,
for not undertaking adequate security measures to protect Javery from intended harm. The standard
of proof for this case is strong; the company had 5 security officers and only 1 was stationed at the
car park and he was usually called away to monitor the unloading dock, more than 300 florescent
light bulbs were not working on that day, there were no gates or fences to keep undesirable people
from the car park, the store was in a high crime area, and finally despite numerous requests from
employees for increased security, nothing was done on the part of the management. As a result the
Connecticut Supreme Court upheld a USD$1.5 million liability award to the estate of Marion
Javery.
Criminal law on the other hand is concerned about protecting society from people who commit
crimes as prescribed by the common and statutory laws. Criminal law's purpose is conventionally
stated as being retribution, deterrence, restraint, and rehabilitation (Gillies, 1990, p 6). In criminal
cases the prosecution represents the public or society in taking legal action against the party whom it
considers to have committed a crime and seeks to have that party punished. Similar to civil law,
criminal law requires the party commencing legal proceedings to carry
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Subjects of International Law
In any kind of legal relations, subject always play an important role, and it is one of the signals to
determine the relation that pertaining the adjustment of any legislation system. International law is a
legislation system that is a set of thousands of documents from various sources. The research about
the subjects is necessary since it helps to find out the source of law, which relation pertains the
adjustment of law. The subjects of international law include sovereign states and analogous entities,
intergovernmental organizations, the individuals, and multinational corporations. First of all, we
need to know the definition of the subjects of international law. In the perspective of legal theories,
to identify the subjects of
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It is the ability of the subject of international law to obtain the international legal rights and
obligations. This ability is recognized in the norms of international law. The second one is the
international behaviour capacity. It is the ability of the subjects to be recognized in international law
by their independent legal act, create their own subjects power and be able to shoulder the
international legal responsibility to their behaviours caused. The very first subject of international
law is sovereign states and analogous entities. State is the term in geography and politic, refers to a
sovereign territory, a government and people of all nationalities are in that territory. They are
binding together by law, rights, culture, language, religion. They together to build up a common
future on that sovereign territory. The main factors leading to the formation of a state are a
permanent population; a defined territory; a government; and independent capacity to enter into
relations with the other states. Power of state as the subject of international law include the rights
and obligations that the states have when participating in international legal relations. The content of
the basic international rights and obligations of states are formed and develop equivalent to the
development that more and more progressive of international law. States could implement the basic
rights and obligations in international activities independently in their minds or by
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Application Of Rule Of Law Essay
THEORETICAL APPLICATION OF RULE OF LAW IN INDIA The common law system of
justice delivery has been adopted by India which owes its origins to British jurisprudence, the basis
of which is the rule of law. According to Dicey, the Englishman does not need any form of written or
administrative law to keep cheeks on the government but that the natural law and Rule of Law
would be enough to ensure absence of excutive arbitrariness. While India also follows and accepts
the concept of natural law, there are written and formal laws to ensure compliance. The Constitution
of India intended for India to be a country governed by the rule of law. It provides that the
constitution shall be the supreme power in the land and the legislative and the executive derive their
authority from the constitution. Any law that is made by the legislative has to be in conformity with
the Constitute failing which it will be declared invalid, this is provided for under Article 13 (1).
Article 21 provides a further check against arbitrary executive action by stating that no person shall
be deprived of his life or liberty except in accordance with the procedure established by law. Article
14 ensures that all citizens are equal and that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of
religion, sex, race or place of birth, finally it ensures that there is separation of power between the
three wings of the government, the executive and the legislature have no influence on the judiciary.
By these
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Tort Law of Negligence Essay
Torts of negligence are breaches of duty that results to injury to another person to whom the duty
breached is owed. Like all other torts, the requirements for this are duty, breach of duty by the
defendant, causation and injury(Stuhmcke and Corporation.E 2001). However, this form of tort
differs from intentional tort as regards the manner the duty is breached. In torts of negligence
, duties
are breached by negligence and not by intent. Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard of
care established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm(Stuhmcke and
Corporation.E 2001). The standard measure of negligence is the universal reasonable person
standard. The assumption in this case is that a reasonable
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In 1970, Lord Reid said that Lord Atkin's dictum must to apply unless there was some support or
valid justification for its elimination Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co [1970] AC 1004.
3.2.1 Reasonable foreseeability
Foreseeability' means whether a theoretical logical person' would have foreseen damage in the
circumstances. Proximity' is shorthand for Lord Atkin's neighbour principle. It means that there must
be legal proximity, for instance a legal connection between the parties from which the law will
attribute a duty of care. Note that a duty of care may not be owed to a particular claimant, if the
claimant was unforeseeable.
3.2.2 Analogies – recognized duties of care
Establishing whether not the current case is analogous to cases in which a duty of care already been
determine. For instance the category of which duty of care has been held not to exist. The law
justifies all these through the word responsibility. Everyone has a responsibility for their actions.
This same word, responsibility, is also used to justify strict and vicarious liability. Parents,
guardians, employers and other similar persons are responsible for their wards and employees. I
think this is also a balancing of the scale. Due to circumstances such as incapacity in law of inability
to pay, the injured party may be
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Product Liability Essay
Product Liability This week's question concerns liability and moral responsibility in consumer
products. As the question is multi–part, the answer will be likewise. To begin, the first question
addresses who should be liable for the voluntary actions of others. Specifically, if substantial
information concerning the hazards of a product or service has been offered to the consumer, who is
to blame if someone is injured? Similar to most questions derived from this course, the answer is "it
depends." From a legal standpoint, the contract or arrangement must first be analyzed. If, for
example, the activity is a high risk activity such as sky diving or feeding sharks on a scuba dive,
then the legal concept of "duty of care" obviously
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In an ethical light, this arrangement of reasonable liability division is in keeping with our
understanding of moral rights in the economic sense. According to the negative right of freedom of
consent, all parties should be free to make any arrangement to which both parties agree. It is a moral
imperative in this free consenting agreement or contract that both parties fully disclose all pertinent
aspects of the arrangement, in this case, the disclosing of the inherent risks involved with jumping
out of an airplane (Velasquez, 330). Once both parties are satisfied with the conditions of the
agreement, they are free to commit to the agreement via contract. The buyer has freely accepted the
risk of the product, and the seller has fulfilled his obligation to provide enough information for the
buyer to make an educated decision. The liability transfers from the seller to the buyer once both
parties have freely and knowledgeably entered the contractual agreement. In this arrangement, the
rights of all parties have been preserved. Additionally, this arrangement fulfills the deontological
requirements of an ethical contract. The seller has a moral duty to provide the safest product
possible in relation to the nature of that product. The seller also has an obligation to disclose
information about his or her product that could cause
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Contract Law Assignment : Contract Laws
Contract Law Assignment 1 Scenario 1 The definition of a contract is a formal or legally binding
agreement between two or more parties. This can be verbal, written or in standard format. A contract
should be fully understood by all parties included and a signature may be required in some cases as
evidence of understanding. Contract Types: There are three types of contracts which can be formed.
These are verbal, written or standard form. A verbal contract is where two or more parties come to a
spoken agreement and sign a verbal contract, this is usually commonly used between friends or
private sellers. In Scenario 1, Phil calls Steve and verbally arranges to come view Steve's car with a
copy of the advert. When Phil inspects the car a verbal negotiation takes place to form the binding of
the contract. Phil is offered the car at a counter offered price of £3,250 of which he accepts. A
written contract is where two or more parties come to a printed documented agreement and all
parties sign a written contract to make the contract binding. Copies of the signed contract are then
kept for future reference of the terms the contract was agreed on. In Scenario 1, there was no written
contract signed for the purchase of Steve's car, Phil and Steve verbally accepted and offered the
terms of the contract. A standard form contract is also known more commonly as a "take it or leave
it" offer by the offeror. The contract is built on fixed terms and conditions which are entirely down
to
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Law School Essay
Law School Perhaps one of the most difficult aspects of the practice of law is learning to be a
lawyer. Virtually every new lawyer today is a graduate of law school, a much dreaded, but fulfilling
journey to practicing law. Modern law schools differ greatly from their earlier counterpart, in that
many more requirements and responsibilities exist. In colonial times, students pursuing a career in
law would enter institutions for instruction of the law, and would automatically become qualified to
practice law in the courts after a few years of study. Today, however, becoming a lawyer takes much
more training, rigorous work and effort, and many years of studying in order to take a bar exam of
which passage represents qualification.
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These sections include logical reasoning, analytical reasoning, reading comprehension, a writing
sample, and an experimental section, which does not count toward the final score of the law school
applicant. The writing sample is not scored either, but it is sent to every law school to which an
aspiring law student applies. Law schools usually do not use it as a significant part of the admissions
process. Admission requirements of prestigious schools in the United States differ greatly with those
of the less prominent. As written by the Dean of Admissions at Stanford Law School: "Admission to
Stanford Law School is based primarily upon superior academic achievement and potential to
contribute to the development and practice of the law. Competition is severe: the 178 members of
the Class of 2002 were selected from among 4,000 applicants, and most were drawn from the upper
5 percent of their undergraduate class and the upper 5 percent of the LSAT pool. The class that
entered in 1999 numbered 93 women and 85 men, over half of whom had been out of college for
two or more years." In contrast, other less–prominent law schools around the nation do not present
nearly as strict requirements for applicants. In evaluating individual files, the faculty of any law
school considers the record of both undergraduate and graduate education, and the applicant's
talents, nonacademic experience, and
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One way of looking at criminal law is that it is dealing with something of public awareness. For
instance, the public has awareness in seeing that people are protected from being robbed or
assaulted. These are legal problems that fall into the criminal law. Criminal law involves punishing
and rehabilitating offenders, and protecting the public. Since the public has an interest in having
criminal law, we give the government the power to put it in place and enforce it. The police and
Crown Prosecutors are hired by the government to put the criminal law into effect. Public funds are
used to pay for these services. If you are the injured party of a crime, you report it to the police and
they
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This is not the case in civil law. Civil law is about private disputes between individuals or between
individuals and organizations. Civil matters include areas such as contract law, family law, tort law,
property law and labour law. The person suing for a wrong has the burden of proving their case on a
"balance of probabilities." This means that a judge or jury must believe their story and evidence
more than the defendant's version. They do not need to be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt.
Civil disputes usually involve some harm, loss or injury to one party or their property. Unlike
criminal law; however, civil law is primarily involved with compensating victims. If a civil action is
successful, the defendant will be responsible for the wrongful action. While a defendant in a
criminal case may be found "guilty" or "not guilty," a defendant in a civil case is said to be "liable"
or "not liable" for damages. If you have a civil law problem, you have to take action yourself if you
want to get a legal remedy. You can hire a private lawyer, and you will have to pay the expenses of
pursuing the matter. For example, if you hire someone to paint your house and they do a poor job, it
is a dispute between you and the painter. The police do not get involved. If you want to sue the
painter for breach of contract, it is your responsibility to do so.
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What Law Means To Me Essay
Law simply underlies our societies, it protects our rights, imposes duties on each of us, and
establishes a framework for the conduct of almost every social, political, and economic activity. The
punishment of crime, compensation of the injured, and the enforcement of contracts are merely
some of the tasks of a modern legal system. It also strives to achieve justice, promote freedom, and
protect our security. Law affects our everyday lives and impacts on almost every aspect of society, it
gives innovative aspects of Law providing a valuable opportunity to develop more versatile skills
and perspectives whilst achieving an honour degree, and will equip me with a broad foundation in
legal principles, allowing me to progress into a career specialising in areas such as
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content...
In my opinion, this definition of Law could not be any clearer. However, many people still see the
need to ignore these rules; whether by committing crimes and breaking the law or behaving in a
deviant manner, but sure enough, I know since been a child, looking up to law–enforcers such as
police officers has made me believe that Law is the backbone of our society, without it, everyday
life would not be tolerable. Over centuries, Law has matured and has come to a stage where it
provides and reinforces the greatest security and protecting it with all possible means as it can be.
Although I didn't study Law as one of my subjects at school, but I do thoroughly enjoy reading
about it online whenever possible and conversing about its important place in building societies,
which is why I feel so eager to have my dream come true by studying Law at your most prestigious
university, and nothing could be any better than studying Law at one of its most amazing
establishments, The great UK, it literary means, ''I'm over the moon'' by accepting me as one of your
most dedicated students whom you will make you forever
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Business Law Questions and Answers
QUESTION 1. Issues of this case: Could the offer acceptence by e–mail be capable of creating
contractual relationships? Was there a breach of cotract? The matter of the case is regulated by
Contract Law. Contractual nature A contract can be difened as "an agreement containing promises
made between two or more parties with the intention of creating certain legal rights and obligations
and enfoufceable in a court of law". (Andy & Douglas, 2013, p.307). Though every contract
involves an agreement, not every agreement is legally forceable and will result in contract. It is
necessary to find out weather the agreement between parties was inteded to be regarded by the law
as valid and enfoceable (a contract) or just an agreement and not enforceable. Definition also says
that angreement first of all is a promise or commitment that something will or not will happen in the
fututre. However, to be a contract a promise must have a cantractual nature and therefore a promosor
must have legal liability. In the given case David (offeree) accepts offer via e–mail which was not
legally recorded or officially sealed unless Charlie (offeror) and David had agreed to communicate
electronically. Thus, may only be (hypothetically) a simple contract. A simle contract must contain 3
constituents: 1. There must be an agreement between parties. In other words, there must be a offer
and acceptance. Charlie offers to sell his car to David, so it can be an offer. David decides to buy
Charlie`s car and
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The Rule of Law Essay
The rule of law is a difficult concept to grasp and proves elusive to substantive definition. However,
the following work considers the attempts of various social and legal theorists to define the concept
and pertinent authorities are considered. Attitudes and emphasis as to the exact shape, form and
content of the rule of law differ quite widely depending on the socio–political perspective and views
of respective commentators (Slapper and Kelly, 2009, p16), although there are common themes that
are almost universally adopted. The conclusions to this work endeavour to consolidate thinking on
the rule of law in order to address the question posed in the title, which is at first sight a deceptively
simple one. The rule of law Modern
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Slapper and Kelly postulate that: "the 'rule of law' represents a symbolic ideal against which the
proponents of widely divergent political persuasions measures and criticise the shortcomings of
contemporary State practice." (Slapper and Kelly, 2009, p15) These commentators concede that the
concept 'lacks precision' and that its meaning changes over time. Noted legal philosopher Joseph
Raz accepted the necessity for State intervention in society and suggests that the rule of law is
essentially a means of controlling, limiting and shaping the exercise of discretion in this
intervention, rather than seeking to abolish it entirely (Raz, 1977, p195). Raz clearly appreciated the
risks associated with the arbitrary and uncontrolled exercise of discretionary power and envisaged
the principle of the rule of law as the primary safeguard against that threat. Many other writers
appear to share the opinion expressed by Raz that the raison d'être of the rule of law is to control the
exercise of discretion, including Dicey, Hayek and Thompson, and to a lesser extent Unger and
Weber. Dicey, for example, in his highly influential magnum opus, An Introduction to the Study of
the Law of the Constitution, suggested that the rule of law is composed of three distinct and specific,
but indivisible elements (Dicey, 1885, p179–201). These are: 1. An absence of arbitrary power in the
hands of the State; 2. The supremacy of ordinary
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Task 1. 1.1Explain the purpose and effect of legal system on society The legal system is the system
made by the government that people can follow rules and regulation of the country Laws are the
large number of rules imposed up on and enforced among person in society for the achieving of
peace and the resolution of disputes (Gerbic and Lawrence 2002) Purpose of law in society Protect
people and property Promotes social justice Maintain peace Shapes moral student Stop people from
breaking the law Protect our culture and religion Effect of law in society Economic control Values
and morality Social order Rationalisation of society Administrative agencies Maori interests 2.1
Describe how the factors given below have shaped the New Zealand law. Ans: ± Values and
morality: Values and morals are related to people's opinions, their lifestyle and what they believe is
wrong or right. But different culture or ethnic group have its own values and moral belief. In New
Zealand, the majority of values and morals of the society had an impact to create the law of New
Zealand. Often people will act in a certain way so as to obey society's moral laws. Breaking a moral
law may not necessarily mean breaking a real law. However, they are often closely interrelated. I.
Social order: – the propose of a legal system is to control society, to maintain society order
therefore, the need for social order is one of the founding forces shaping New Zealand law. ±
Interest
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The Language Of The Law Essay
The language of the law is noticeably contrasted from common use of language. Throughout our
extensive history, legalese has usually been linked with the powerful and elite. The characteristics of
courtroom language remain a specialised and distinctive genre of English, this shall be explored
throughout this essay, also analysed are the constrictions this language places on society during
court proceedings and the ever–growing alternative options such as mediation
, to simplifying this
commonly constricting formal institution. Mediation, as referred to by Eades, has grown and
diversified, and often takes place away from courts, with the aim of the disputing parties to
cooperate and compromise with the aid of a third party known as the mediator. It can have particular
benefits in making for a more flexible and adaptable program ("Managing Differences in Mediation
and Conciliation". 1999. p.2). In my view, mediation can in most cases be extremely productive,
particularly advantageous in the way it seeks to minimise trouble faced with legal discourse and the
constricting effects otherwise faced in court.
The court system relies heavily upon an expansive discourse and pinpoint communication
techniques in seeking to reveal the truth in a dispute. The distinct and atypical characteristics of
spoken courtroom language certainly leave it open to be scrutinised but remains a necessity in
today's society. Society in the most part when faced with the idea of legal language envisage
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The Importance Of International Law
International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between
states, to the maintenance of international peace and security. Although, some of the country may
agree to definition of international norms, there are some countries that does not agree with the
United Nation international laws that generally accepted as international norms. Even though, some
country does not agree with UN international laws, because of the powerful nation that are the
member of the nation, the Security Council can enforce their international law via various ways
toward a state or individual; and the International court of Justice (ICJ) also give advisory opinion to
get settle between state to state conflict, in accordance with international law.
Security Council is key decision making UN principle organ that create and apply international law.
Security Council mandate is to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly
relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for
human rights; and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations according UN Charter.
According to the Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of disputes, Article 33 (1) state that "the parties to
any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace
and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation,
arbitration, judicial
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Common Law And The Statute Law Essay
Introduction
In Australian, a proprietary company need to registered to start its business under corporation Act
2001. This is is a common wealth legislation administered by the ASIC. Normally, a corporation
does not have a legal existence before the registration. Registration of a company makes it can be
treated as a legal entity . The company can have its own name to hold its property, it can enter into a
contract or rescind, also the company can be sued or sue the others. Registration is the most
important but not the only thing to establish a business. Before the registration, a company may be
have to entry into a contract. Before the pre–registration, the contract always void because the
company is not a legal entity. So the pre–registration contracts cause many legal problems of the
rights and responsibilities. The pre–registration contracts have different explains in the Australian
legal system, the most important are the common law and the statute law.
Common Law
The Australian High Court is over the State Supreme Courts who has the general appellate
jurisdictions. So there is only one uniform common law remains in Australia which is originated
from the English Common law. At present, more and more statute law and relevant cases has been
used.
Statute law
Statute laws are laws which are passed in the parliaments in Australia. The local councils,
departments of the government and other statutory authorities are the different parties who have
given legislation by
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The main reason why I wanted to study Law was the importance it takes in the world. Law builds
civilization, protect fundamental rights and protect ideas and inventions through patenting. Anyone
can defend his or her right through the legal system. Law can bind an agreement to allow an aircraft
to fly from country A to country B. Law is continuously relevant in many context including banking,
construction, sports, land, media, commerical, human rights etc. And this excites me more, as it is
very broad and in my perspective not going to be repetitive or dull. Law is of fundamental
importance to our country, as well as shaping our modern evolving society. I felt that doing a Law
degree can be both satisfying and help society in the future by
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This subject enhanced my organizational and presentation skills. Study skills project provide
extensive knowledge in techniques for addressing academic task as well as handle large amount of
research information. Sociology develops understanding of society as a whole and it also revaluate
common assumptions that may not be true. I have acquired analytical, qualitative, evaluative and
argumentative writing techniques from Sociology. Humanities define human culture and enquiries
the purpose of humanity. This has developed my evaluation skills to examine varies source
materials. English for academic purpose can enhance my writing and reading skills to an academic
matter. In my leisure time, I like to play chess as it is mentally challenging. I am a proactive
sportsman and I have been playing first team rugby; which made me understand team–working
skills and team spirit. I have been to over 40 countries around the world. It is adventurous and brings
a completely different aspect to life. I have also led a charity football tournament this enhanced my
time management. I have participated in debating club in which I learnt how to generative an
argument effectively. I was in the Student Union which I had tackle and solve problems. I regularly
read the law section in the Telegraph and the Guardian. This can allow me to get updated current
affairs related to Law. I
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Different Aspects Of Law Essay
There are a lot of different aspects of law. Although Mrs. Holt's second period has only covered unit
one of many, one can still see how complicated law is. From basic human rights, to lawmaking, to
advocacy, from settling disputes and the court system, to lawyers themselves, just the tip of the
Law–iceberg is enough to make someone want to freak out. What do human rights have to do with
law? A lot, actually. Most laws are based off traditional morals of the world. For example, in
Chapter One: Human Rights, human rights range from promoting fairness to protection the rights of
the minority. In America's very own Bill of Rights, "Congress shall no law" restricting the freedom
of speech, the press, to assembly, and to petition the
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Advocacy... the author can't think of any witty one–liners or even two–liners for this subject.
Probably because standing up for something you belief isn't amusing. It's rather serious, voicing
your opinions. There are many ways for someone to do so, from voting to drafting a bill, that's
voicing one's opinions. Lobbyists, who professionally lobby powerful government officials to pass
laws on their behalf. Mediation? Mediator? "Like, saying 'ohm,' or whatever." –Probably some
Plastic from Mean Girls. And, no, it's not. It actually 'the act of resolving a dispute between two
parties."– Chapter Four closed notes. It's one of many, actually. First is Informal talk, and is not only
informal and basic, but isn't legally binding. Next is negotiation, which is exactly what it sounds
like, a negotiation between the two parties. Afterwards is mediation, then arbitration. And arbitration
is 'a way of settling a dispute without going to trial,' though the arbitration is binding and overseen
by a third party, an Ombudsperson(chapter four closed notes). Speaking of court, there are several
things that one needs to know about the basic court system. One being the fact that the injured party
in a civil case is the plaintiff, while the defending party in both civil and criminal cases is called a
defendant. The prosecutor for criminal cases is, well, the prosecutor. Most criminal cases aren't that
exciting because the criminal uses the Plea Bargain, or
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