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Safety Management Systems
1
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
2
The Structure of Safety Management System (SMS)2
Introduction of SMS & its Necessity
3
AIR-TRAFFIC SERVICE PROVIDERS
4
Evaluation
4
Part 2
5
The main reason for failures of Airlines
5
Human factors/personnel error
6
Air traffic management errors
6
New safety management policies7
Segregation of Risk Exposure
7
Reactive Safety Management
8
The Cost of Safety
8
Pre-flight Risk Reduction Techniques
8
References
10
2
INTRODUCTION Aviation safety is an essential and significant thing that ensures the safety of passengers, and crew, and the integrity part of aviation. To maintain the best safety level, smart implementation of Safety Management Systems (SMS) within the aviation industry is a
pivotal factor. SMS is nothing but the systematic approach that maintains aviation safety while accelerating the organizational structure, policies, and procedures which help to detect and mitigate the risk factors related to the aviation industry. according to SMS in aviation, the
four pillars that pivotally maintain aviation safety are safety policy, safety risk management, safety assurance, and safety promotion (Stolzer,
et.al,
2023).
The Structure of Safety Management System (SMS)
Safety Management System (SMS)
SMS is an extensive and systematic approach that significantly helps the aviation industry to maintain the safety within industry by proactively detecting and mitigating the risk factors related to the industry. the pivotal part of implementing SMS is it provides a precise and data-
driven approach that significantly addresses safety issues associated with the safety concern of the industry before turning into an accident.
Evaluation of the Structure
As discussed above SMS has four key components or significant pillars that help the aviation industry to address and mitigate risk factors related to the industry. at first, by launching safety policies and objectives organizations try to be fully committed to their safety
concern. Then safety risk management is implemented to proactively address, assess, and mitigate the risk factors associated with aviation safety. Thirdly, safety assurance looks into risk mitigation and evaluates its efficiency to mitigate risks. Last but not least safety 3
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promotion embarks on a safety-oriented culture with the help of several training and communication. This steady structural framework assures an extensive and efficient approach
that copes with all risk factors while enhancing a safety-oriented culture through training and communication within the industry. However, research still advocates for assessing and improving resilient safety culture in a high-reliability organization like aviation that has a functional safety management system (Adjekum & Tous, 2020).
Introduction of SMS & its Necessity
Safety Management System (SMS) was introduced in the aviation industry as a significant and proactive approach that helps to identify the risks and foster a safety culture by mitigating them within the industry. the main intention of introducing SMS was to prevent accidents and incidents by proactively detecting and mitigating hazards before they escalate. Including air traffic service providers, various aviation organizations are strictly instructed by
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to implement SMS.
Necessity of SMS to Aviation Organization
ICAO mandated the implementation of SMS for various organizations to foster a significant safety culture within the aviation industry by mitigating risks proactively. Additionally, these organizations are included in those who are instructed by ICAO:
AIRLINES
To ensure the safety of passengers, crew and public airline carriers must implement SMS to manage risks related to their ground handling, and flight operation to foster safety.
AIRPORTS
Airport organizations must implement SMS to manage all the risk factors related to their runway, taxiways, and the potential hazards within the airports. Additionally, to deal with the risk associated with airfield management and overall airport infrastructure SMS is an essential part that plays a pivotal role.
4
AIR-TRAFFIC SERVICE PROVIDERS
Organizations providing air traffic controls are also instructed to implement SMS to proactively detect risks related to communication, navigation, and traffic management to amplify safety.
Indicators of Strong Safety-Culture
A significant safety culture depends on some key factors. Firstly, the open communication channel is important to report safety concerns. Secondly, proactivity in detecting hazards and risks reflects a genuine organization’s commitment to safety. Therefore, high-level and informative training is essential to educate employees about the risk factors and their effectiveness, so they can be able to adhere to safety protocols. But a first and proactive move for an organization is to measure its safety culture to build an ethically strong safety culture with industry (Jiang,
et.al,
2020).
Evaluation
As we all know the most dynamic, complex sector among all in the world the aviation industry is often affected by many changes and events (ÇIKMAZ,
et.al,
2022) September 11 attack is a historical movement that haunted us with its cruel impact and forces us to reevaluate the worldwide aircraft security. September 11 attack brought an international context where the commercial airliner’s impact was scrutinized but apart from that, the engineering community developed several sound approaches through their enormous efforts (Beltran, 2022). After that crucial attack, several changes were introduced to the entire aircraft industry. firstly, to reduce unauthorized access the cockpit doors became standard. Secondly, the passenger and bagging checking implementations with the advancement of technologies improved the threat detection process. Therefore, the creation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) measures all safety measures and enhances the
overall effectiveness. Furthermore, the development of a no-fly list or a clear database of passengers provides a deep insight into the security risks. These changes significantly 5
improve the aircraft industry and help them to be more efficient in addressing and mitigating risks associated with the industry.
The importance of national and international cooperation is paramount in the context of aviation security. As terrorism knows no boundaries, every collaboration is essential and required to identify and proactively deal with potential hazards. Security-related information sharing, and pivotal tactics implementation as per requirements are crucial to being a step ahead of the potential risk. Coordinated efforts confirmed that the security measurements are globally aligned, and a united front always admits the developments of innovative security and technologies. As international cooperation always fosters a harmonized and safe culture within the aviation industry it helps to build more efficient security measures by standardized security protocols.
Part 2 The main reason for the failures of Airlines
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1998. Improving the Continued
Airworthiness of Civil Aircraft: A Strategy for the FAA's Aircraft Certification Service.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6265.
Aloha Airlines Flight 243 had an explosive blast and structural collapse at 24,000 feet on
April 28, 1988, at 1:46 PM. From Hilo to Honolulu, the airliner Boeing 737-200, registration
N73711, was flying an interisland route. detached from the aircraft during flight, around
eighteen feet above the passenger's floorline and away from the cabin skin and structure
behind the cabin access door. There were 89 people on board, including 6 staff members and
7 passengers who suffered serious injuries. Human factors/personnel error
One cabin attendant was thrown overboard during the evacuation and is thought to have died
as a result of her injuries after a sea search failed. Thanks to new materials, improved aircraft
design methodologies, and increased usage of sophisticated aircraft design strategies, aircraft
6
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system layout, and component dependability have significantly improved in recent years as
well as expertise gleaned from prior mishaps and occurrences(
Wang et al
.,2021)
.
Air traffic management errors
It seemed that the development of aircraft technology, the increasing frequency of nighttime
maintenance, and the effect of growing strain on the operation's business requirements may
all lead to an atmosphere where mistakes could happen. Given the severity of many service-
related accidents and mishaps, it is crucial to minimize human influences in maintenance.
Even passengers frequently admit that if everyone followed the rules exactly, The output
delay would be immense.
Malfunction or failure of aircraft structures
About 15% of aviation deaths are the result of maintenance errors. The National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the Aloha Airlines servicing program's
collapse to identify the existence of serious disbanding and exhaustion damage—which
eventually culminated in the failure of the lateral joint at stringer S-10L and the split of the
rear fuselage upper lobe—was the most likely cause of the fatal crash. Pertains to the
interpersonal components of air carrier servicing and inspection for the transport class
aircraft's continued airworthiness, or the flight's most worrying safety concern and the
absence of a comprehensive termination action were noted in the NTSB report. Deficient maintenance
The necessary programs or technical expertise to fulfill its obligation to guarantee the
aircraft's structural integrity. Due to these restrictions, a fatigue fracture that was the
consequence of a metallurgical flaw that had gone unnoticed before and was situated in a
crucial part of the engine's stage 1 fan disc was not found(
Zhao et al
.,2021)
. Since Aloha
Airlines Flight 243, every provider has been obliged by mandated corrosion control programs
to have enough preventive and inspection mechanisms in place to guarantee that harmful
corrosion never happens. There are three reasons why the inspector could not have seen the
fracture. Hazardous environment First of all, probably, the part was not sufficiently prepped for examination by the inspector.
subsequently, up the fracture to hide it from being seen as a defect. A reduction of aircraft
7
pitch control brought on by the lateral stabilizer trim mechanism failing in midair weather,
volcanic ash, birds, etc
threaded jackscrew assembly's acme nuts. Errors were made by ground
engineers in their search and accurate identification of the fuel indication. They concluded
that the impairment was brought on by maintenance staff who disregarded written
instructions and left the engines dangling on pylons, which resulted in excessive tension. The
test on the lift trim failed, necessitating the actuator installation.
New safety management policies
The Exposition Document, created by Joint Aviation Guidelines (JAR) 145, was the principal
corporate document that described the key management structures within the companies.
Additional documentation and structural charts that detailed the quality system, disciplinary
policies, and reporting processes, among other things, were added to this. Segregation of Risk Exposure
A significant process re-engineering project seems to be more successful at connecting fleets
and divisions than at accomplishing its objectives of producing a "fully designed task." In one
organization, departmental coordination and vertical integration were highly
developed(
Fouroudi et al.,
22020)
. The European Joint Aviation Authorities laws require an
annual audit of all the enterprises. Nonetheless, there are several distinctions among the firms
regarding the execution of auditing and inspection procedures. People may disclose issues
spontaneously in part because of the disciplinary environment, where they fear being held
accountable for their concerns. When their department is the focus of inconsistent reports,
managers may become defensive because they believe they are being singled out for
criticism. According to supervisors, a technician's job is to adhere to the task and managerial
procedures precisely. Reactive Safety Management
Services rendered, repairs completed, and assessments carried out in an aircraft support
organization may all be examined as cultural goods. Managers may purposefully or
8
inadvertently create uncertainty in the safety culture to meet output targets. Employee views
of the proper course of action may be weakened by goal conflicts, promoting bad
performance, and tolerating unfavorable leadership. This report meticulously records and
juxtaposes the events and occurrences with other sources, including official business
documentation.
The Cost of Safety
The safety and manufacturing strands of corporate culture, as well as the institutional actors
and their corresponding safety-related, practices, are examined in this section(
Zheng et
al.,
2022)
. A thorough examination of three eye-opening maintenance incidents about safety is
provided in this section. The pilots were under pressure from their corporate headquarters.
The pilots were prepared to accept the aircraft as it was because of pressure from their
headquarters. After going back to the airplane, the point of contact closed the technical issue.
The Asset Management Team is under pressure to address issues as quickly as they arise. In
this instance, an Airbus A320 entered. with the windscreen experiencing snow removal
issues. Pre-flight Risk Reduction Techniques
The PO looked over the technical logs and discovered that there was a past to this issue. This
might result in the routine maintenance tasks as outlined in "event one," where the AMT
himself combined his creative abilities in safety and extraction. Within a distinct corporate
culture, safety is molded by its nature. by the manufacturing environment, which is
significantly impacted in turn by security guidelines. Social and technical practices, roles,
conventions, and views within a group whose goal is to reduce the amount of risk that people,
both inside and outside of it, encounter while they are in hazardous situations.
9
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References Adjekum, D. K., & Tous, M. F. (2020). Assessing the relationship between organizational management factors and resilient safety culture in a collegiate aviation program with Safety Management Systems (SMS).
Safety Science
,
131
, 104909.
Beltran, F. (2022). Aircraft Impact: A Review of International Standards.
10
ÇIKMAZ, G., Metehan, A. T. A. Y., & Keskin, H. (2022). Investigation of the effects of Ukraine-Russia tension on Turkish airspace and Istanbul Airport.
Journal of Aviation
,
6
(2), 228-234.
Cokorilo, O., 2020. Urban air mobility: safety challenges.
Transportation research
procedia
,
45
, pp.21-29.
Fouroudi, P., Kitchen, P.J., Marvi, R., Akarsu, T.N. and Uddin, H., 2020. A bibliometric
investigation of service failure literature and a research agenda.
European Journal of
Marketing
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54
(10), pp.2575-2619.
Jiang, W., Fu, G., Liang, C. Y., & Han, W. (2020). Study on the quantitative measurement result of safety culture.
Safety Science
,
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, 104751.
Lee, K.H., Hyun, S.S., Park, H. and Kim, K., 2020. The antecedents and consequences of
psychological safety in airline firms: focusing on high-quality interpersonal
relationships.
International journal of environmental research and public health
,
17
(7),
p.2187.
Stolzer, A. J., Sumwalt, R. L., & Goglia, J. J. (2023).
Safety management systems in aviation
. CRC Press.
Wang, J., Liu, Y. and Song, H., 2021. Counter-unmanned aircraft system (s)(C-UAS): State of
the art, challenges, and future trends.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems
Magazine
,
36
(3), pp.4-29.
Wang, W., Li, X., Xie, L., Lv, H. and Lv, Z., 2021. Unmanned aircraft system airspace
structure and safety measures based on spatial digital twins.
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems
,
23
(3), pp.2809-2818.
Zhao, P. and Liu, Y., 2021. Physics-informed deep reinforcement learning for aircraft conflict
resolution.
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
,
23
(7), pp.8288-8301.
Zheng, C., Li, Z. and Wu, J., 2022. Tourism firms’ vulnerability to risk: The role of
organizational slack in performance and failure.
Journal of Travel Research
,
61
(5), pp.990-
1005.
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