HY final study guide

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University of Alabama *

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102 (FINAL

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History

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Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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Final Exam study guide For the Final Third of the Semester: 1. The years 1815-1914 constituted the most peaceful period within Europe since the early Roman Empire. Why and how did a major war erupt in August 1914? Be sure to consider longer-term factors as well as the immediate cause of conflict. Short- term cause - assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, mobilization of the Russian army, germnay only having one war plan- Schlieffen Plan, blank check, Long-term cause - new formation/unification of Germany, Otto van bismark being outed and replaced by people who don't feel the need to avoid war, Alsace and Lorraine, signing new Germany in Versailles, Germany is late to imperialism game and want to form colonies and expand and built up the navy and it worries Britain - desire to expand, nationalism 2. When war erupted in August 1914 most people felt that this would be a short, decisive conflict. What factors dashed these expectations, and what steps did the combatant nations have to take to wage “total war”? 3. World War One, one author has stated, “was the defining event of the twentieth century. It devastated the prewar economic, social, and political order of Europe.” Why and how did the war come to have such an enormous impact? 4. The victorious nations in World War One—principally France, Britain, and the U.S—sought to recreate a secure Europe following the conflict, yet within two decades of the end of the peace conference at Versailles (1918-19) a new and even more catastrophic war broke out. Why and how did the allies fail to forge a lasting peace with the Treaty of Versailles? Be sure to consider the motives and accomplishments of each of the participants, as well as the major terms of the Treaty. Angry Germany, alsace and lorraine, demilitarizing the rhineland, territory adjustments, nationalism, economic hardship, extremist ideas. 5. Scholars often apply the term totalitarianism to the Fascist, Nazi, and Communist regimes of the 1930s, but there were important differences among the totalitarian states. What are the chief features of totalitarianism, and in what ways were the totalitarian regimes—especially Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia—similar or different?
6. During the early years of World War Two (1939-42) three highly militaristic regimes—Germany, Japan, and Italy—achieved remarkable successes yet all three ended up suffering catastrophic defeats, despite having overrun almost all of Central and Western Europe (Germany and Italy) and most of the Western Pacific (Japan). Why did they lose? Put another way, what major factors led to the allies’—Britain, the U.S., and the U.S.S.R—victory? Cumulative: 2. Which event do you think had a greater influence in shaping the development of modern Europe, the French Revolution or the Industrial Revolution? Why? Be sure to summarize each event and to support your argument with specific historical examples. French Revolution - rise of nationalisms and other isms, expansion of enlightenment ideas, metric system, estate system disappears, conservatism vs progressivism, declarations/constitutions Industrial Revolution - new technologies - guns, ammunition, WW1, medical discoveries, urbanization, transportation, economic increase, wealth increase, more free time, vacationing, sports, mass production, cars, population growth, 3. “Despite periodic chaos, wars, revolutions, and other disasters, the living conditions (standard of living, health, life expectancy, material comfort, etc.) of most Europeans are much better today than they were in 1648.” Do you agree or disagree with this assertion? What events and changes would you cite to support your position, and when did they occur? 4. “Revolutions occur because people are poor and horribly oppressed.” Considering the English, French, and Russian Revolutions and the rise of the Nazis, do you agree or disagree with this assertion? Why or why not? English Revolution (17th century): ● Agreement: Economic disparities and political discontent were significant factors, as seen in conflicts between the monarchy and Parliament. ● Disagreement: The English Revolution also involved issues of religious conflict, constitutional rights, and debates over the balance of power, indicating that oppression was not solely economic. French Revolution (1789):
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