Week 11 &12

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Oct 30, 2023

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Week 11 POSTWAR EUROPEAN CINEMA: FRANCE, SCANDINAVIA, AND BRITAIN, 1945- 1959 ● British films were more orthodox and less experimental found mainstream appeal in English speaking lands ● Festivals, coproductions and export helped keep the European film market “international” in nature French Cinema of the Postwar Decade ● The Nazis centralized French film production, but that fell apart after the war ended ● US signed an agreement with France that basically gave Hollywood free reign over the French market The Industry Recovers ● In response to American dominance, french government started CNC to help spur domestic film industry growth and also implemented protectionist strategies to allow domestic industries an advantage ● 120 films per year were produced after these changes The Tradition of Quality ● AKA Cinema of Quality, it refers to the work of only certain directors and screenwriters who were trying to do prestige cinema

The Return of Older Directors ● Julien Duvivier, René Clair, Max Ophüls, Jean Renoir, and some others came back from Hollywood ○ These directors became influential in France New Independent Directors ● The French reforms spurred production of artistic shorts and this helped many up and coming directors Scandinavian Revival ● Denmark and Sweden were the kings of Scandanavian cinema England: Quality and Comedy ● Although production slowed a lot during the war, high wartime theatre attendance was a boon to the industry Problems in the Industry ● Palache report suggested that the industrial power of the major players in England be reduced for the sake of the industry Literary Heritage and Eccentricity ● Push and pull between large productions for export or smaller domestic production Arthouse Success Abroad

● Ealing and Archer films had an arthouse audience in the US - same as the one for Italian Neorealism

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Week 12 POSTWAR CINEMA BEYOND THE WEST, 1945-1959 ● 60 percent of mid-50s features were neither US or Soviet ● Japan made 20% of features General Tendencies ● Bipolar world - USA vs USSR with competing spheres of influence Japan ● The USA occupied Japan, attempted a remake of Japanese society, and nursed its economy back to health ○ The Korean War enriched Japan Industry Recovery under the Occupation ● SCAP censored films that were considered nationalistic or feudalistic The Veteran Directors ● The prominent prewar directors stayed prominent in postwar Japan The War Generation ● Kurasawa is the most famous and renowned director from this Japanese postwar era Postwar Cinema in the Soviet Sphere of Influence

● Sphere included: East Germany, most of Eastern Europe, Mongolia, and also China for a while ● There were cycles of cultural restriction and liberalization in Bloc countries The USSR from High Stalinism to the Thaw ● Political restrictions continued through the end of the war as the Soviets saw the US led West as the new enemy Obstacles of the Postwar Years ● The Communist Party strictly controlled the arts and was known to harass, persecute, and even charge artists Stalin's Death and the New Humanism ● After Stalin’s death, reforms swept through the USSR and censorship was reduced Postwar Cinema in Eastern Europe ● The Soviets occupied most of Eastern Europe and by 1950 most of it was led by Communist parties and was deferential to the USSR People's Republic of China ● The Chinese civil war was interrupted by the Japanese invasion of WW2 but then by 1949 the Communists had expelled the Nationalists Civil War and Revolution ● Shanghai was the center of film industry during civil war

Mixing Maoism and Tradition ● After Great Leap Forward, USSR influence waned and China focused on Chinese Values. There was also newfound liberalization India ● India got independence in 1947 ● Many Indian films won awards in the postwar period A Disorganized but Prolific Industry ● 250-325 films made per year in the 1960s ● 1950s the Indian government founded a censorship agency The Populist Tradition and Raj Kapoor ● More religious films fell out of favor as socials (comedies, thrillers, melodramas) became more popular Swimming Against the Stream: Guru Dutt and Ritwik Ghatak ● Satyajit Ray made films that matched more of the European style than the mainstream Indian film industry and he became renowned in Europe Latin America ● Latin American countries were mostly independent before WW2, but then were forced to align with the US and the West. Governments started working closer with the US government ● Argentina stayed neutral in WW2 and the USA refused to sell them film materials

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Argentina and Brazil ● Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina would adapt Hollywood-esque genres to the national culture ● Peron in Argentina gave Hollywood a sweetheart import deal similar to the ones they had in Europe. Lasted till 1957 The Mexican Popular Cinema ● The Mexican government supported popular cinema, even exempting them from taxes